[
  {
    "id": "zrr-additionality",
    "label": "Additionality: communes entering ZRR in 2017",
    "definition": "Change in private-sector employment since 2016 in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100), averaged over the matching iterations that pass the balance check.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "mean over balanced iterations of (Δ log jobs treated − Δ log jobs controls) × 100",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "additionality",
        "label": "Additionality: communes entering ZRR in 2017",
        "url": "zrr/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2006": 1.82,
      "2007": 3.91,
      "2008": 3.52,
      "2009": 2.58,
      "2010": 3.18,
      "2011": -1.0699999999999998,
      "2012": -0.61,
      "2013": -1.71,
      "2014": -2.56,
      "2015": -0.49,
      "2016": 0,
      "2017": 0.22,
      "2018": 0.61,
      "2019": -1.16,
      "2020": -1.97,
      "2021": -4.1000000000000005,
      "2022": -6.260000000000001,
      "2023": -6.47,
      "2024": -6.370000000000001,
      "2025": -7.4399999999999995
    },
    "caveat": "Computed by this site. The band is a 95% confidence interval, from standard errors clustered by département on both sides of each pair. The PACT method reads instead the spread of the estimate across matching draws, which measures how much it depends on the draw, not on the sample.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "zrr-placebo",
    "label": "Placebo: the same communes, fake start in 2011",
    "definition": "Change in private-sector employment since 2011 in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100), averaged over the matching iterations that pass the balance check.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "mean over balanced iterations of (Δ log jobs treated − Δ log jobs controls) × 100",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "placebo",
        "label": "Placebo: the same communes, fake start in 2011",
        "url": "zrr/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2006": 2.23,
      "2007": 0.36,
      "2008": 1.7999999999999998,
      "2009": 2.4899999999999998,
      "2010": 3.8600000000000003,
      "2011": 0,
      "2012": 0.05,
      "2013": 1.5699999999999998,
      "2014": 1.7000000000000002,
      "2015": 2.21,
      "2016": 2.31
    },
    "caveat": "Computed by this site. The band is a 95% confidence interval, from standard errors clustered by département on both sides of each pair. The PACT method reads instead the spread of the estimate across matching draws, which measures how much it depends on the draw, not on the sample.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "zrr-leakage",
    "label": "Leakage: their unclassified neighbours",
    "definition": "Change in private-sector employment since 2016 in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100), averaged over the matching iterations that pass the balance check.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "mean over balanced iterations of (Δ log jobs treated − Δ log jobs controls) × 100",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "leakage",
        "label": "Leakage: their unclassified neighbours",
        "url": "zrr/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2006": 2.6599999999999997,
      "2007": 1.41,
      "2008": 1.71,
      "2009": 1.6500000000000001,
      "2010": 2.98,
      "2011": 1.78,
      "2012": 1.39,
      "2013": 0.38,
      "2014": 0.8500000000000001,
      "2015": 1.95,
      "2016": 0,
      "2017": 1.0999999999999999,
      "2018": 0.9400000000000001,
      "2019": 0.5499999999999999,
      "2020": 0.6799999999999999,
      "2021": -1.31,
      "2022": -0.32,
      "2023": 1.8800000000000001,
      "2024": 2.73,
      "2025": 2.23
    },
    "caveat": "Computed by this site. The band is a 95% confidence interval, from standard errors clustered by département on both sides of each pair. The PACT method reads instead the spread of the estimate across matching draws, which measures how much it depends on the draw, not on the sample.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "zrr-permanence",
    "label": "Permanence: communes leaving ZRR in 2017",
    "definition": "Change in private-sector employment since 2016 in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100), averaged over the matching iterations that pass the balance check.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "mean over balanced iterations of (Δ log jobs treated − Δ log jobs controls) × 100",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "permanence",
        "label": "Permanence: communes leaving ZRR in 2017",
        "url": "zrr/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2006": -0.54,
      "2007": -0.16999999999999998,
      "2008": -0.77,
      "2009": -0.51,
      "2010": 0.16999999999999998,
      "2011": 0.06,
      "2012": -0.15,
      "2013": -1.52,
      "2014": -0.47000000000000003,
      "2015": 1.7500000000000002,
      "2016": 0,
      "2017": -2.18,
      "2018": 0.36,
      "2019": 1.08,
      "2020": 1.54,
      "2021": 2.35,
      "2022": 3.9899999999999998,
      "2023": 5,
      "2024": 5.26,
      "2025": 2.82
    },
    "caveat": "Computed by this site. The band is a 95% confidence interval, from standard errors clustered by département on both sides of each pair. The PACT method reads instead the spread of the estimate across matching draws, which measures how much it depends on the draw, not on the sample.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "cir-france",
    "label": "France",
    "definition": "Business enterprise R&D (BERD) as a share of GDP.",
    "unit": "percent of GDP",
    "formula": "as computed by analysis/cir.ml",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "cir-france",
        "label": "France",
        "url": "cir/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "1995": 1.3717,
      "1996": 1.3738,
      "1997": 1.3458,
      "1998": 1.3096,
      "1999": 1.3371,
      "2000": 1.3131,
      "2001": 1.3582,
      "2002": 1.3837,
      "2003": 1.3343,
      "2004": 1.3279,
      "2005": 1.2771,
      "2006": 1.2952,
      "2007": 1.2773,
      "2008": 1.2945,
      "2009": 1.3651,
      "2010": 1.3754,
      "2011": 1.3991,
      "2012": 1.4386,
      "2013": 1.4427,
      "2014": 1.4455,
      "2015": 1.4384,
      "2016": 1.4484,
      "2017": 1.4408,
      "2018": 1.4445,
      "2019": 1.4481
    },
    "caveat": "France's business R&D series has breaks in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2006 (OECD flags); the 2004 break coincides with the first step of the credit.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "cir-synthetic",
    "label": "Synthetic France",
    "definition": "The weighted average of OECD countries whose R&D tax incentives did not change in 2003-2019 that best tracks France's business R&D in 1995-2007.",
    "unit": "percent of GDP",
    "formula": "as computed by analysis/cir.ml",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "cir-synthetic",
        "label": "Synthetic France",
        "url": "cir/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "1995": 1.2897,
      "1996": 1.3077,
      "1997": 1.3257,
      "1998": 1.3394,
      "1999": 1.3682,
      "2000": 1.4061,
      "2001": 1.3963,
      "2002": 1.3445,
      "2003": 1.3527,
      "2004": 1.2712,
      "2005": 1.2574,
      "2006": 1.2763,
      "2007": 1.3247,
      "2008": 1.3782,
      "2009": 1.4067,
      "2010": 1.344,
      "2011": 1.3647,
      "2012": 1.3602,
      "2013": 1.3848,
      "2014": 1.4254,
      "2015": 1.5214,
      "2016": 1.5705,
      "2017": 1.6062,
      "2018": 1.6233,
      "2019": 1.7267
    },
    "caveat": "France's business R&D series has breaks in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2006 (OECD flags); the 2004 break coincides with the first step of the credit.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "cir-one-for-one",
    "label": "Euro for euro",
    "definition": "The synthetic France plus the rise in France's tax relief for business R&D since 2007, in points of GDP: where business R&D would be if every extra euro of credit had become R&D.",
    "unit": "percent of GDP",
    "formula": "as computed by analysis/cir.ml",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "cir-one-for-one",
        "label": "Euro for euro",
        "url": "cir/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2007": 1.3247,
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      "2009": 1.5667,
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      "2011": 1.5313,
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      "2014": 1.604,
      "2015": 1.7041000000000002,
      "2016": 1.7557,
      "2017": 1.7945000000000002,
      "2018": 1.8127,
      "2019": 1.916
    },
    "caveat": "France's business R&D series has breaks in 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2006 (OECD flags); the 2004 break coincides with the first step of the credit.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "pensions-france",
    "label": "France",
    "definition": "Employment rate of people aged 60-64.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "as computed by analysis/pensions.ml",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "pensions-france",
        "label": "France",
        "url": "pensions/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2002": 11.5,
      "2003": 12.6,
      "2005": 13.8,
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      "2008": 16.2,
      "2009": 16.9,
      "2010": 17.8,
      "2011": 18.6,
      "2012": 21.5,
      "2013": 23.4,
      "2014": 25.3,
      "2015": 27.7,
      "2016": 28.3,
      "2017": 29.6,
      "2018": 31.2,
      "2019": 32.7
    },
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "pensions-synthetic",
    "label": "Synthetic France",
    "definition": "The weighted average of European countries that best tracks France's employment rate at 60-64 in 1998-2010.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "as computed by analysis/pensions.ml",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "pensions-synthetic",
        "label": "Synthetic France",
        "url": "pensions/results.csv",
        "updated": "computed by this site"
      }
    ],
    "points": {
      "2002": 11.567,
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      "2005": 14.134,
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      "2008": 16.373,
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      "2018": 32.981,
      "2019": 34.116
    },
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "tax-labour-share",
    "label": "Labour's share of all taxes",
    "definition": "Taxes and social contributions levied on income from work, employer and employee contributions included, as a share of total taxation.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "LAB ÷ (LAB + C + CAP) × 100",
    "components": [
      {
        "name": "LAB",
        "label": "Taxes on labour",
        "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/redisstat/api/dissemination/sdmx/2.1/data/TAX_EC_FUNC/?format=SDMX-CSV&compressed=false",
        "updated": "2026-03-30"
      },
      {
        "name": "C",
        "label": "Taxes on consumption",
        "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/redisstat/api/dissemination/sdmx/2.1/data/TAX_EC_FUNC/?format=SDMX-CSV&compressed=false",
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        "name": "CAP",
        "label": "Taxes on capital",
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    "points": {
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      "2023": 51.2328522486562,
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    "caveat": "DG TAXUD counts taxes on pensions and benefits as labour, and the income of the self-employed as capital.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "tax-consumption-share",
    "label": "Consumption's share of all taxes",
    "definition": "VAT, excise duties and other taxes on consumption, as a share of total taxation.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "C ÷ (LAB + C + CAP) × 100",
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      {
        "name": "C",
        "label": "Taxes on consumption",
        "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/redisstat/api/dissemination/sdmx/2.1/data/TAX_EC_FUNC/?format=SDMX-CSV&compressed=false",
        "updated": "2026-03-30"
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        "name": "CAP",
        "label": "Taxes on capital",
        "url": "https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/redisstat/api/dissemination/sdmx/2.1/data/TAX_EC_FUNC/?format=SDMX-CSV&compressed=false",
        "updated": "2026-03-30"
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    "points": {
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    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "tax-capital-share",
    "label": "Capital's share of all taxes",
    "definition": "Taxes on corporate profits, on households' capital income, on the self-employed and on stocks of capital (property, wealth, inheritance), as a share of total taxation.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "CAP ÷ (LAB + C + CAP) × 100",
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        "name": "C",
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        "updated": "2026-03-30"
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    "points": {
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    "caveat": "The household and self-employed split changes method in 2012.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "labour-share",
    "label": "Labour share of value added",
    "definition": "Compensation of employees (wages and employer contributions) as a share of gross value added at basic prices.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "D1 ÷ B1G × 100",
    "components": [
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        "name": "D1",
        "label": "Compensation of employees",
        "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nama_10_gdp?format=JSON&lang=EN&geo=FR&unit=CP_MEUR&na_item=D1&sinceTimePeriod=1995",
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      "2025": 57.64581176121474
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    "caveat": "Unadjusted: the labour income of the self-employed sits in mixed income, on the capital side. 2024 and 2025 are provisional.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  },
  {
    "id": "capital-share",
    "label": "Capital share of value added",
    "definition": "Gross operating surplus and mixed income as a share of gross value added: what remains for capital, and for the self-employed, before depreciation.",
    "unit": "percent",
    "formula": "B2A3G ÷ B1G × 100",
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        "name": "B2A3G",
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      "1995": 39.4655368131777,
      "1996": 39.01829211981568,
      "1997": 39.31744512067027,
      "1998": 39.79868398684607,
      "1999": 39.30550533513682,
      "2000": 39.70822001489781,
      "2001": 39.817549221071715,
      "2002": 39.37880115136584,
      "2003": 39.30374933280248,
      "2004": 39.596507020783086,
      "2005": 39.48601341915139,
      "2006": 40.03417159970485,
      "2007": 40.760629248492606,
      "2008": 40.71876045827248,
      "2009": 38.93161818892272,
      "2010": 39.63091326240758,
      "2011": 39.329620760760434,
      "2012": 38.56332557389804,
      "2013": 38.7955784189258,
      "2014": 38.9110890670361,
      "2015": 39.23791705599366,
      "2016": 38.71275925239511,
      "2017": 38.36742251019828,
      "2018": 38.097690662326436,
      "2019": 38.32908399900348,
      "2020": 39.20174961386698,
      "2021": 40.04208039500274,
      "2022": 38.348788111708075,
      "2023": 39.5059536810216,
      "2024": 39.49135229643993,
      "2025": 39.25442630416426
    },
    "caveat": "Labour share and capital share do not add to 100: the rest is taxes on production net of subsidies.",
    "retrieved": "2026-10-03"
  }
]