How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016
€91.5bnEstimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Households of the slice times their average economic income: the total above the lower threshold minus the total above the upper one.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Tax households above P99, 2016 × Average economic income above P99, 2016 − Tax households above P99.9, 2016 × Average economic income above P99.9, 2016) ÷ 10⁹- From
- Tax households above P99, 2016 378,300
- Average economic income above P99, 2016 €580,000
- Tax households above P99.9, 2016 37,800
- Average economic income above P99.9, 2016 €3,385,000
- Result
- €91.5 billion
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, top 0.1%
34.5%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax of the richest 0.1% of tax households, the corporate tax of the companies they control included, as a share of their economic income, 2016: IPP's rates by g-percentile weighted by the income of each slice.
- Competing figures
- 49%, Bozio, Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret, Guillot and Piketty, “Predistribution vs. Redistribution: Evidence from France and the U.S.”, WID.world Working Paper 2020/22, section on Figure 9. The average rate of P99.9–100 in 2018 in distributional national accounts: equal-split adults, pre-tax income, indirect taxes included and all corporate tax attributed to shareholders by national-accounts rules, contributory contributions left out. IPP follows the companies each household controls in firm-level ownership data and counts direct taxes only.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ (economic income of a slice × its part in P99.9–100 × its rate) ÷ Σ (economic income × part), over P99.9–99.99, P99.99–99.999, P99.999–99.9998, P99.9998–100- From
- Economic income of P99.9–99.99, 2016 €39bn
- Economic income of P99.99–99.999, 2016 €24bn
- Economic income of P99.999–99.9998, 2016 €17.4bn
- Economic income of P99.9998–100, 2016 €47.6bn
- Direct tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016 45%
- Direct tax rate, P99.99–99.999, 2016 37%
- Direct tax rate, P99.999–99.9998, 2016 31%
- Direct tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016 26%
- Result
- 34.5%
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016
45%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax (wealth tax, income tax, social levies, social contributions, corporate tax of the companies they control, a provision for gift tax) as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 45.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Personal taxes, the 378 richest households
2%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal taxes (income tax, social levies, wealth tax) as a share of economic income, for the richest 0.001% of tax households.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 4
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
jusqu'à ne représenter plus que 2 % du revenu économique parmi les 378 ménages les plus aisés
- As published
- 2.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.999–99.9998, 2016
5%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 5.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016
3%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 3.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V9, Extended primary income, Insee
€68.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column K (V9)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €68.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V10, Extended primary income, Insee
€73.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column L (V10)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €73.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Public order and safety
€52.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Police, justice, prisons and fire.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF03time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €52,113.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.3bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2024· query this cell- As published
- €10,289.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Subsidies on products
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €2.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production
€642mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Social protection
€693bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Old age, survivors, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and social exclusion.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF10time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €693,028.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€147.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, Ensemble: 38; row 34, Ensemble: 33.6; row 35, Ensemble: 33.9; row 36, Ensemble: 22.9; row 37, Ensemble: 19.3
- As published
- €147.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions
€31.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V18: 27.9; row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €31.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pensions
€290mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V16: 1.6; row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits
€57.3mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V19: 1.2
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Social care and housing aid
€116.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid- From
- Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €61.7bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid €17.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €11.4bn
- Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid €8.1bn
- Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn
- Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.3bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid €3.3bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid €1.4bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €175m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €138m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €101m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €61.8m
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €21.5m
- Result
- €116.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6; row 43, V9: 2.6; row 43, V10: 2.6
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Collective services
€13.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V18: 12; row 46, V19: 12.3
- As published
- €13.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Collective services
€91.5mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €26.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
- As published
- €18.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€12.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€15.9bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure
€6.7bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people
8.5 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, paid a month per person
€1,250Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,250, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people ÷ 12- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, levies paid €127.5bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people 8.5 million
- Result
- €1,250
Why believe this?
Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros
€29,880Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 10 “6e décile (D6)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €29,880
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€130Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €130, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €130, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €130, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €130, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €130, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–29%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–29%, Net financial income €8.8bn
- Top 20–29%, people 5.7 million
- Result
- €130
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production
€5.6bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.6bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€32.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products
€3.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, levies paid
€124.9bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions- From
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €27.1bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.6bn
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.4bn
- Top 13–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.4bn
- Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income €1.5bn
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €10.2bn
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €32bn
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €21.5bn
- Result
- €124.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€28.4bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.4bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€360Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income €13bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million
- Result
- €360
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits
€6bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products
€131mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0547), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2686), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.23: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pensions, Insee €30.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pensions, Insee €36.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €9.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pensions
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V16: 24.7; row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5244), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.18: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.5bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€144mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0172), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €3.8bn
- V19, Famille, Insee €400m
- V19, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m
- V19, Invalidité, Insee €800m
- V19, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €6.1bn
- V20, Famille, Insee €300m
- V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m
- V20, Invalidité, Insee €600m
- V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care
€290mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0367), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Health care, Insee €8bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Education
€206mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0390), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3052), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €3.5 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.6bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €720m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €557m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €395m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €234m
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €75.7m
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Collective services
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V16: 11.7; row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€13.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2420), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.59: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%
- Direct tax rate, top 0.1% 34.5%
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn
- Result
- €13.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0730), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €3.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4763), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €15.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€12.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
V19, Taxes on production, Insee
€13.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €13.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Taxes on production, Insee
€22.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €22.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0541), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€5.1bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0779), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed
€15.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V18: 12.9; row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €15.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €8.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€823mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0935), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income
€2.1bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €2.5bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €2.2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.1bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€1.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products
€9.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4; row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4; row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5; row 19, V7: 1.6
- As published
- €9.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€322mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2; row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pensions + Bottom 33–49%, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Top 29–39%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 13–20%, Pensions + Top 7.9–13%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Pensions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €79.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Pensions €58.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €53.4bn
- Top 29–39%, Pensions €45.6bn
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €40bn
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Pensions €31.7bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €28.1bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.4bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.9bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.4bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €290m
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95
€17.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €17.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits
€1.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits
€6.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V18: 3.2; row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V18: 1.1; row 37, V19: 1.2
- As published
- €6.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€313mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Health care
€78.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4; row 40, V3: 14.1; row 40, V4: 14.1; row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2; row 40, V7: 13.8
- As published
- €78.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€62.8mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Education
€53bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9; row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5; row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2; row 41, V7: 6.3
- As published
- €53.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€42.2mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€61.8mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€169mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95
€7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V19: 12.3
- As published
- €7.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, received a month per person
€2,300Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €2,300, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,310, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,280, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,320, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,300, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received €49.2bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million
- Result
- €2,300
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, paid a month per person
€5,790Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid €123.6bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million
- Result
- €5,790
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income
€2.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €3.4bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €3bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€13.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€24.9bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€140mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€43.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
- As published
- €43.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€4.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€728mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, paid a month per person
€8,940Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €8,940, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €8,990, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €8,050, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €7,440, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €8,120, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€110mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€773mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€1.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€417mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products
€267mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€91.8mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, received a month per person
€2,800Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €2,800, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,800, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,770, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,890, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,800, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€1.6bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income
€490mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€199mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on production
€38.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production + Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production + Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €4.1bn
- Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production €4bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production €3.6bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production €3.2bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €645m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production €644m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production €642m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €637m
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €621m
- Result
- €38.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions
€53.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V10: 20.1; row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4; row 31, V13: 20.9
- As published
- €53.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3; row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95
€739mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care
€181mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€121mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€21.5mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V16: 2.6; row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
- As published
- €3.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services
€28.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V10: 11.6; row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8; row 46, V13: 11.6
- As published
- €28.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€189mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
€9.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €9.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1; row 23, V15: -8.9
- As published
- €16.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€13.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.9%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.9%
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€5.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Income tax
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2; row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2; row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2; row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4; row 25, V7: -0.5
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9; row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V16: -9.8; row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V16: -2.5; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €24.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
€3.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income
€490mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, transfers received
€1.5bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Education + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €70.6m
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €510m
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €481m
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €12.9m
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €141m
- Top 0.04%, Health care €75.6m
- Top 0.04%, Education €54.5m
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €18.9m
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €17.1m
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €106m
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€75.6mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€54.5mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
€897mEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€4.8bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2024
€3,306bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €3,306,096.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
General government
€1,693bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Everything general government receives: the levies Insee attributes to people, other revenue, borrowing and transfers from abroad.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products + Taxes on production + Corporate tax + CSG on earnings and benefits + CSG on capital income + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth + Pension contributions + Other contributions + Lenders in France + Other revenue + Inheritance and gift duties + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn
- Taxes on production €130.7bn
- Corporate tax €81.2bn
- CSG on earnings and benefits €135.7bn
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn
- Income tax €105.8bn
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
- Pension contributions €293bn
- Other contributions €190.6bn
- Lenders in France €64.4bn
- Other revenue €166.9bn
- Inheritance and gift duties €20.8bn
- Lenders outside France €124.9bn
- International cooperation from the EU €3.5bn
- Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €6.9bn
- Result
- €1,693.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, subsidies through companies
€12.2bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, subsidies through companies
€1.2bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.