How France works

Where does public money come from and go?

Who pays it, and who receives it?

What the State, local authorities and social security collect and spend, and what each group of people pays in and gets back, by living standard and by age.

spent by public bodies in 2024, of which was borrowed.
went to old age in 2024: of all public spending.
€402.4bn paid by the richest tenth in 2023, which received €175.6bn; the poorest tenth paid €30.9bn and received €140.9bn.

Money

Where public money comes from, and where it goes

In 2024, the latest year Eurostat breaks down by purpose, public bodies spent : of revenue and of borrowing. Social protection took of it; old age alone, ().

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Colour shows where money comes from. Inside general government it is pooled, so spending flows are grey: this consolidated view does not trace a euro of VAT to a pension. Hover a flow to follow it; click anything to see its source.

Show the data as a table

From	To	Share
Social contributions	Public spending	28.9%
Taxes on production	Public spending	27.3%
Taxes on income and wealth	Public spending	21.9%
Capital taxes	Public spending	1.3%
Sales and other revenue	Public spending	10.6%
Borrowing	Public spending	10.1%
Public spending	Social protection	41.5%
Public spending	Health	15.6%
Public spending	General services	10.8%
Public spending	Economic affairs	9.9%
Public spending	Education	8.9%
Public spending	Housing, environment, culture	6.9%
Public spending	Defence	3.2%
Public spending	Public order	3.1%
Social protection	Old age	23.4%
Social protection	Survivors	2.4%
Social protection	Sickness and disability	5.0%
Social protection	Family	4.0%
Social protection	Unemployment	2.9%
Social protection	Housing benefits, minimum incomes	3.7%
General services	Debt interest	3.5%
General services	Running the State	7.3%

Spending by purpose () comes from a later Eurostat release than revenue and total spending (); both are drawn as published. Most public support to companies is not shown here, because it is tax and contribution relief rather than spending.

People

Who ends up with national income

Rank everyone in France by living standard and cut the line into ten equal groups. In 2023 the richest tenth received of all income before public transfers, and after taxes, benefits and public services were counted.

Before public transfers
After public transfers

Show the data as a table

Group	Before public transfers	After public transfers
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10

The richest tenth, line by line

Labour income

Property and self-employment

Retained profits attributed

Share of public primary income

Before transfers

Taxes and levies paid

Cash benefits, pensions included

In-kind transfers

Share of collective services

After transfers

◐ marks an estimate. These accounts impute national totals to households, so €101bn of retained profits is income attributed to shareholders, not cash they received. Insee publishes no top 1% split. The top 1% figures on this page are this site's own Pareto estimates. Two rows of Insee's own table do not add up; the evidence panels say which, and this page uses the components.

People

Who pays for public money, and who receives it

Insee's distributional accounts attribute every levy and every transfer to the people who bear or receive it. Scaled to the accounts of general government, in 2023 the poorest tenth paid €30.9bn and received €140.9bn; the richest tenth paid €402.4bn and received €175.6bn.

Insee attributes every tax to whoever bears it: corporate tax to shareholders, taxes on products to consumers, taxes on production and subsidies to households in proportion to what they draw from production. Companies pay those levies and receive those subsidies, so they appear as a pass-through on each side. Social contributions, the employer's part included, count as part of pay and go straight from each group: this table does not separate employer from employee contributions. Borrowing covers what levies do not; Insee also allocates it to each group as a future levy. It is not drawn here.

Who pays and who receives

By tenth · 2023 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By tenth · 2024 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By share of income · 2023 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By share of income · 2024 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By age of the household · 2023 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By age of the household · 2024 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By person's age · 2023 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

By person's age · 2024 estimate · €bn a year · Estimated

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

Bottom 10%D1 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€30.9bnWho receives€140.9bn
Bottom 10–20%D2 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€41.7bnWho receives€161bn
Bottom 20–30%D3 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€56.6bnWho receives€154bn
Bottom 30–40%D4 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€71.8bnWho receives€155.2bn
Bottom 40–50%D5 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€85bnWho receives€143.7bn
Top 40–50%D6 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€99bnWho receives€147.1bn
Top 30–40%D7 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€118.7bnWho receives€148bn
Top 20–30%D8 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€145.4bnWho receives€142.9bn
Top 10–20%D9 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€185.5bnWho receives€152.2bn
Top 10%D10 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€402.4bnWho receives€175.6bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Colour shows the kind of levy or transfer: blue for social contributions, orange for taxes on products and production, green for taxes on income and wealth, among them the CSG (contribution sociale généralisée, a flat tax on most income), yellow for cash benefits, pink for transfers in kind. Grey flows are mixed or pooled: through companies, inside general government, collective services and subsidies. Hover a flow to follow it; click anything to see its source. Taxes on capital, corporate tax and the CSG on capital income, are a green group of their own; inheritance and gift duties come from no group.

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
Bottom 10%	Through companies	€21.2bn	1.3%
Bottom 10%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€988m	0.1%
Bottom 10%	CSG on capital income	€437m	0.0%
Bottom 10%	Income tax	€2.7bn	0.2%
Bottom 10%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€410m	0.0%
Bottom 10%	Pension contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Bottom 10%	Other contributions	€1.7bn	0.1%
Bottom 10–20%	Through companies	€24.8bn	1.5%
Bottom 10–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€3.3bn	0.2%
Bottom 10–20%	CSG on capital income	€469m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Income tax	€102m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€410m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Pension contributions	€8.4bn	0.5%
Bottom 10–20%	Other contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Bottom 20–30%	Through companies	€30.2bn	1.9%
Bottom 20–30%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€5.9bn	0.4%
Bottom 20–30%	CSG on capital income	€687m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€718m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Pension contributions	€12.5bn	0.8%
Bottom 20–30%	Other contributions	€6.6bn	0.4%
Bottom 30–40%	Through companies	€34.6bn	2.1%
Bottom 30–40%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€8.6bn	0.5%
Bottom 30–40%	CSG on capital income	€809m	0.1%
Bottom 30–40%	Income tax	€407m	0.0%
Bottom 30–40%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1bn	0.1%
Bottom 30–40%	Pension contributions	€17.2bn	1.1%
Bottom 30–40%	Other contributions	€9.2bn	0.6%
Bottom 40–50%	Through companies	€37.9bn	2.3%
Bottom 40–50%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€10.4bn	0.6%
Bottom 40–50%	CSG on capital income	€915m	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Income tax	€1.2bn	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.2bn	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Pension contributions	€21.2bn	1.3%
Bottom 40–50%	Other contributions	€12.1bn	0.7%
Top 40–50%	Through companies	€43.1bn	2.7%
Top 40–50%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€12.1bn	0.7%
Top 40–50%	CSG on capital income	€1.1bn	0.1%
Top 40–50%	Income tax	€2.6bn	0.2%
Top 40–50%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.5bn	0.1%
Top 40–50%	Pension contributions	€24.2bn	1.5%
Top 40–50%	Other contributions	€14.3bn	0.9%
Top 30–40%	Through companies	€47.7bn	3.0%
Top 30–40%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14.6bn	0.9%
Top 30–40%	CSG on capital income	€1.3bn	0.1%
Top 30–40%	Income tax	€4.6bn	0.3%
Top 30–40%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.7bn	0.1%
Top 30–40%	Pension contributions	€30.4bn	1.9%
Top 30–40%	Other contributions	€18.3bn	1.1%
Top 20–30%	Through companies	€54.8bn	3.4%
Top 20–30%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€17.4bn	1.1%
Top 20–30%	CSG on capital income	€1.6bn	0.1%
Top 20–30%	Income tax	€8.8bn	0.5%
Top 20–30%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.3bn	0.1%
Top 20–30%	Pension contributions	€37.1bn	2.3%
Top 20–30%	Other contributions	€23.5bn	1.5%
Top 10–20%	Through companies	€63.7bn	3.9%
Top 10–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€21.3bn	1.3%
Top 10–20%	CSG on capital income	€2.3bn	0.1%
Top 10–20%	Income tax	€16.4bn	1.0%
Top 10–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.4bn	0.2%
Top 10–20%	Pension contributions	€46.7bn	2.9%
Top 10–20%	Other contributions	€31.8bn	2.0%
Top 10%	Through companies	€138.4bn	8.6%
Top 10%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€38.3bn	2.4%
Top 10%	CSG on capital income	€7.2bn	0.4%
Top 10%	Income tax	€66.5bn	4.1%
Top 10%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€12bn	0.7%
Top 10%	Pension contributions	€79.3bn	4.9%
Top 10%	Other contributions	€60.6bn	3.8%
Outside France	Through companies	€29.9bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€158.2bn	9.8%
Outside France	General government	€3bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€9.2bn	0.6%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€318.8bn	19.7%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€128.1bn	7.9%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€79.3bn	4.9%
Taxes on products	General government	€318.8bn	19.7%
Taxes on production	General government	€128.1bn	7.9%
Corporate tax	General government	€79.3bn	4.9%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€133bn	8.2%
CSG on capital income	General government	€16.9bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€103.3bn	6.4%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€24.7bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€280.4bn	17.4%
Other contributions	General government	€182.4bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€676m	0.0%
Other revenue	General government	€156.3bn	9.7%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.3%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.2bn	2.7%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53bn	3.3%
General government	Pensions	€370bn	22.9%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€42.9bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€137.4bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€249.7bn	15.5%
General government	Education	€141.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€107.7bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€41.4bn	2.6%
General government	Collective services	€332.8bn	20.6%
General government	Banque de France	€11.3bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€14.6bn	0.9%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€7bn	0.4%
General government	Unclassified spending	€878m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.2bn	2.7%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53bn	3.3%
Through companies	Bottom 10%	€4.6bn	0.3%
Pensions	Bottom 10%	€9.9bn	0.6%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 10%	€5.4bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 10%	€19.4bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 10%	€20.9bn	1.3%
Education	Bottom 10%	€20.7bn	1.3%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 10%	€19.2bn	1.2%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 10%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 10%	€36.8bn	2.3%
Through companies	Bottom 10–20%	€5.4bn	0.3%
Pensions	Bottom 10–20%	€21.1bn	1.3%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 10–20%	€5.3bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 10–20%	€19.6bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 10–20%	€33.6bn	2.1%
Education	Bottom 10–20%	€16.8bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 10–20%	€20.7bn	1.3%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 10–20%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 10–20%	€34.2bn	2.1%
Through companies	Bottom 20–30%	€6.5bn	0.4%
Pensions	Bottom 20–30%	€31.8bn	2.0%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 20–30%	€4.8bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 20–30%	€15bn	0.9%
Health care	Bottom 20–30%	€28.6bn	1.8%
Education	Bottom 20–30%	€16.5bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 20–30%	€13.1bn	0.8%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 20–30%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 20–30%	€33.6bn	2.1%
Through companies	Bottom 30–40%	€7.5bn	0.5%
Pensions	Bottom 30–40%	€33.8bn	2.1%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 30–40%	€4.5bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 30–40%	€13.1bn	0.8%
Health care	Bottom 30–40%	€32.7bn	2.0%
Education	Bottom 30–40%	€14.3bn	0.9%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 30–40%	€11.9bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 30–40%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 30–40%	€33.4bn	2.1%
Through companies	Bottom 40–50%	€7.9bn	0.5%
Pensions	Bottom 40–50%	€36.3bn	2.2%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 40–50%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 40–50%	€12.1bn	0.7%
Health care	Bottom 40–50%	€23.3bn	1.4%
Education	Bottom 40–50%	€13.6bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 40–50%	€9.6bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 40–50%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 40–50%	€32.5bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 40–50%	€8.9bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 40–50%	€40.6bn	2.5%
Unemployment benefits	Top 40–50%	€3.3bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 40–50%	€11.2bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 40–50%	€25.3bn	1.6%
Education	Top 40–50%	€12.7bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Top 40–50%	€8.6bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 40–50%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 40–50%	€32.5bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 30–40%	€9.8bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 30–40%	€41.6bn	2.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 30–40%	€3.6bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 30–40%	€11bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 30–40%	€25.8bn	1.6%
Education	Top 30–40%	€12bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 30–40%	€7.6bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 30–40%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 30–40%	€32.5bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 20–30%	€11.4bn	0.7%
Pensions	Top 20–30%	€44.5bn	2.8%
Unemployment benefits	Top 20–30%	€3.2bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 20–30%	€11.1bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 20–30%	€18.6bn	1.2%
Education	Top 20–30%	€12bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 20–30%	€6.1bn	0.4%
Culture and leisure	Top 20–30%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 20–30%	€32bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 10–20%	€13.3bn	0.8%
Pensions	Top 10–20%	€48.6bn	3.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 10–20%	€3.5bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 10–20%	€11.2bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 10–20%	€22.1bn	1.4%
Education	Top 10–20%	€11.5bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 10–20%	€5.7bn	0.4%
Culture and leisure	Top 10–20%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 10–20%	€32.2bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 10%	€22bn	1.4%
Pensions	Top 10%	€61.9bn	3.8%
Unemployment benefits	Top 10%	€5.1bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Top 10%	€13.8bn	0.9%
Health care	Top 10%	€19bn	1.2%
Education	Top 10%	€11.5bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 10%	€5.1bn	0.3%
Culture and leisure	Top 10%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 10%	€33.1bn	2.0%
General government	Outside France	€25.8bn	1.6%
General government	Outside France	€23.9bn	1.5%
General government	Outside France	€10.8bn	0.7%
General government	Outside France	€373m	0.0%

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Show the ranges and population

Group	Range	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each	Net financial income	Rents, actual and imputed	Profits kept in companies
					Allocated capital income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
Bottom 10%D1 · 6.8 million people	under €1,140	6.8 million	€380	€1,730	€20	€80	€10
Bottom 10–20%D2 · 6.8 million people	€1,140–€1,440	6.8 million	€510	€1,970	€30	€90	€10
Bottom 20–30%D3 · 6.8 million people	€1,440–€1,720	6.8 million	€690	€1,890	€40	€130	€20
Bottom 30–40%D4 · 6.8 million people	€1,720–€1,960	6.8 million	€880	€1,900	€50	€150	€10
Bottom 40–50%D5 · 6.8 million people	€1,960–€2,190	6.8 million	€1,040	€1,760	€50	€170	€20
Top 40–50%D6 · 6.8 million people	€2,190–€2,440	6.8 million	€1,210	€1,800	€70	€200	€30
Top 30–40%D7 · 6.8 million people	€2,440–€2,740	6.8 million	€1,450	€1,810	€90	€220	€30
Top 20–30%D8 · 6.8 million people	€2,740–€3,180	6.8 million	€1,780	€1,750	€130	€250	€60
Top 10–20%D9 · 6.8 million people	€3,180–€3,990	6.8 million	€2,270	€1,870	€210	€300	€90
Top 10%D10 · 6.8 million people	over €3,990	6.8 million	€4,930	€2,150	€950	€440	€1,240

Range: the living standard at the group's edges, in euros a month for one person living alone, after taxes and benefits, constant 2024 euros (Insee, metropolitan France). A couple with two children under 14 needs 2.1 times as much for the same living standard. Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one; between published thresholds the range is interpolated linearly, and above the 95th percentile Insee publishes none. Pays and receives: the group's levies and transfers over its people, children included, a month; in brackets, the lowest and highest figure under the alternative assumptions the notes list. Allocated capital income: Insee's three rows, net financial income, rents, actual and imputed (one row, not split), and the profits companies keep, as Insee attributes them in 2023, over the group's residents, children included, as a monthly equivalent. Imputed rents, retained profits and the income of life insurance are not cash the group receives. It is private income outside general government, so it is shown beside the diagram. Insee publishes it for 2023 only: both years show 2023 data.

By tenth: D1 to D10 as Insee publishes them, each tenth adding two of Insee's twentieths; the groups' shares are Insee's.

Capital income by tenth: Insee's rows of net financial income, rents, actual and imputed, and profits kept in companies (Tableau complémentaire), each tenth adding two twentieths. In 2023 the richest tenth received €215.1bn of it, against €402.4bn of levies paid and €175.6bn of transfers received.

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-tenths-2023.html, and on the Method page.

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

Bottom 10%D1 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€31.6bnWho receives€146.3bn
Bottom 10–20%D2 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€42.8bnWho receives€167.4bn
Bottom 20–30%D3 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€58.2bnWho receives€160.1bn
Bottom 30–40%D4 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€73.9bnWho receives€161.3bn
Bottom 40–50%D5 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€87.6bnWho receives€149.3bn
Top 40–50%D6 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€102bnWho receives€152.8bn
Top 30–40%D7 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€122.3bnWho receives€153.7bn
Top 20–30%D8 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€149.9bnWho receives€148.4bn
Top 10–20%D9 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€191.3bnWho receives€158.1bn
Top 10%D10 · 6.8 million peopleWho pays€414.4bnWho receives€182.2bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
Bottom 10%	Through companies	€21.6bn	1.3%
Bottom 10%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€1bn	0.1%
Bottom 10%	CSG on capital income	€438m	0.0%
Bottom 10%	Income tax	€2.8bn	0.2%
Bottom 10%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€420m	0.0%
Bottom 10%	Pension contributions	€3.5bn	0.2%
Bottom 10%	Other contributions	€1.8bn	0.1%
Bottom 10–20%	Through companies	€25.2bn	1.5%
Bottom 10–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€3.4bn	0.2%
Bottom 10–20%	CSG on capital income	€471m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Income tax	€104m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€420m	0.0%
Bottom 10–20%	Pension contributions	€8.7bn	0.5%
Bottom 10–20%	Other contributions	€4.5bn	0.3%
Bottom 20–30%	Through companies	€30.8bn	1.8%
Bottom 20–30%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€6.1bn	0.4%
Bottom 20–30%	CSG on capital income	€688m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€735m	0.0%
Bottom 20–30%	Pension contributions	€13.1bn	0.8%
Bottom 20–30%	Other contributions	€6.9bn	0.4%
Bottom 30–40%	Through companies	€35.3bn	2.1%
Bottom 30–40%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€8.8bn	0.5%
Bottom 30–40%	CSG on capital income	€814m	0.0%
Bottom 30–40%	Income tax	€417m	0.0%
Bottom 30–40%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1bn	0.1%
Bottom 30–40%	Pension contributions	€18bn	1.1%
Bottom 30–40%	Other contributions	€9.6bn	0.6%
Bottom 40–50%	Through companies	€38.6bn	2.3%
Bottom 40–50%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€10.6bn	0.6%
Bottom 40–50%	CSG on capital income	€921m	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Income tax	€1.3bn	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.3bn	0.1%
Bottom 40–50%	Pension contributions	€22.2bn	1.3%
Bottom 40–50%	Other contributions	€12.6bn	0.7%
Top 40–50%	Through companies	€43.9bn	2.6%
Top 40–50%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€12.4bn	0.7%
Top 40–50%	CSG on capital income	€1.1bn	0.1%
Top 40–50%	Income tax	€2.7bn	0.2%
Top 40–50%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.6bn	0.1%
Top 40–50%	Pension contributions	€25.3bn	1.5%
Top 40–50%	Other contributions	€15bn	0.9%
Top 30–40%	Through companies	€48.6bn	2.9%
Top 30–40%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15bn	0.9%
Top 30–40%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Top 30–40%	Income tax	€4.7bn	0.3%
Top 30–40%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.8bn	0.1%
Top 30–40%	Pension contributions	€31.7bn	1.9%
Top 30–40%	Other contributions	€19.2bn	1.1%
Top 20–30%	Through companies	€55.8bn	3.3%
Top 20–30%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€17.8bn	1.1%
Top 20–30%	CSG on capital income	€1.7bn	0.1%
Top 20–30%	Income tax	€9bn	0.5%
Top 20–30%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.3bn	0.1%
Top 20–30%	Pension contributions	€38.8bn	2.3%
Top 20–30%	Other contributions	€24.6bn	1.5%
Top 10–20%	Through companies	€64.9bn	3.8%
Top 10–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€21.8bn	1.3%
Top 10–20%	CSG on capital income	€2.4bn	0.1%
Top 10–20%	Income tax	€16.8bn	1.0%
Top 10–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.5bn	0.2%
Top 10–20%	Pension contributions	€48.8bn	2.9%
Top 10–20%	Other contributions	€33.2bn	2.0%
Top 10%	Through companies	€141.2bn	8.3%
Top 10%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€38.8bn	2.3%
Top 10%	CSG on capital income	€7.8bn	0.5%
Top 10%	Income tax	€68.1bn	4.0%
Top 10%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€12.3bn	0.7%
Top 10%	Pension contributions	€82.9bn	4.9%
Top 10%	Other contributions	€63.3bn	3.7%
Outside France	Through companies	€31.5bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€124.9bn	7.4%
Outside France	General government	€3.5bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€6.9bn	0.4%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€325.4bn	19.2%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€130.7bn	7.7%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€81.2bn	4.8%
Taxes on products	General government	€325.4bn	19.2%
Taxes on production	General government	€130.7bn	7.7%
Corporate tax	General government	€81.2bn	4.8%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€135.7bn	8.0%
CSG on capital income	General government	€17.7bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€105.8bn	6.2%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€25.3bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€293bn	17.3%
Other contributions	General government	€190.6bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€64.4bn	3.8%
Other revenue	General government	€166.9bn	9.9%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.2%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.6bn	2.6%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53.4bn	3.2%
General government	Pensions	€389.8bn	23.0%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€45.2bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€144.7bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€261.2bn	15.4%
General government	Education	€148.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€113.4bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€43.1bn	2.5%
General government	Collective services	€335.7bn	19.8%
General government	Banque de France	€11.9bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€16.4bn	1.0%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€20.3bn	1.2%
General government	Unclassified spending	€914m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.6bn	2.6%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53.4bn	3.2%
Through companies	Bottom 10%	€4.6bn	0.3%
Pensions	Bottom 10%	€10.4bn	0.6%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 10%	€5.7bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 10%	€20.4bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 10%	€21.8bn	1.3%
Education	Bottom 10%	€21.7bn	1.3%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 10%	€20.2bn	1.2%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 10%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 10%	€37.1bn	2.2%
Through companies	Bottom 10–20%	€5.4bn	0.3%
Pensions	Bottom 10–20%	€22.2bn	1.3%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 10–20%	€5.6bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 10–20%	€20.7bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 10–20%	€35.2bn	2.1%
Education	Bottom 10–20%	€17.6bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 10–20%	€21.8bn	1.3%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 10–20%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 10–20%	€34.5bn	2.0%
Through companies	Bottom 20–30%	€6.6bn	0.4%
Pensions	Bottom 20–30%	€33.5bn	2.0%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 20–30%	€5bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 20–30%	€15.8bn	0.9%
Health care	Bottom 20–30%	€29.9bn	1.8%
Education	Bottom 20–30%	€17.3bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 20–30%	€13.8bn	0.8%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 20–30%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 20–30%	€33.9bn	2.0%
Through companies	Bottom 30–40%	€7.5bn	0.4%
Pensions	Bottom 30–40%	€35.6bn	2.1%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 30–40%	€4.7bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 30–40%	€13.8bn	0.8%
Health care	Bottom 30–40%	€34.2bn	2.0%
Education	Bottom 30–40%	€15bn	0.9%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 30–40%	€12.6bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 30–40%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 30–40%	€33.6bn	2.0%
Through companies	Bottom 40–50%	€8bn	0.5%
Pensions	Bottom 40–50%	€38.2bn	2.3%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 40–50%	€4.5bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 40–50%	€12.7bn	0.8%
Health care	Bottom 40–50%	€24.3bn	1.4%
Education	Bottom 40–50%	€14.3bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 40–50%	€10.1bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 40–50%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Bottom 40–50%	€32.8bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 40–50%	€8.9bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 40–50%	€42.7bn	2.5%
Unemployment benefits	Top 40–50%	€3.5bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 40–50%	€11.8bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 40–50%	€26.4bn	1.6%
Education	Top 40–50%	€13.3bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Top 40–50%	€9.1bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 40–50%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 40–50%	€32.8bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 30–40%	€9.9bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 30–40%	€43.8bn	2.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 30–40%	€3.7bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 30–40%	€11.6bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 30–40%	€26.9bn	1.6%
Education	Top 30–40%	€12.6bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 30–40%	€8bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 30–40%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 30–40%	€32.8bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 20–30%	€11.5bn	0.7%
Pensions	Top 20–30%	€46.8bn	2.8%
Unemployment benefits	Top 20–30%	€3.4bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 20–30%	€11.7bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 20–30%	€19.5bn	1.1%
Education	Top 20–30%	€12.6bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 20–30%	€6.4bn	0.4%
Culture and leisure	Top 20–30%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 20–30%	€32.2bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 10–20%	€13.4bn	0.8%
Pensions	Top 10–20%	€51.2bn	3.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 10–20%	€3.6bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 10–20%	€11.8bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 10–20%	€23.1bn	1.4%
Education	Top 10–20%	€12.1bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 10–20%	€6bn	0.4%
Culture and leisure	Top 10–20%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 10–20%	€32.5bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 10%	€22.2bn	1.3%
Pensions	Top 10%	€65.3bn	3.9%
Unemployment benefits	Top 10%	€5.3bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Top 10%	€14.5bn	0.9%
Health care	Top 10%	€19.8bn	1.2%
Education	Top 10%	€12.1bn	0.7%
Social care and housing aid	Top 10%	€5.4bn	0.3%
Culture and leisure	Top 10%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 10%	€33.4bn	2.0%
General government	Outside France	€30.6bn	1.8%
General government	Outside France	€22.3bn	1.3%
General government	Outside France	€10.3bn	0.6%
General government	Outside France	€760m	0.0%

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Show the ranges and population

Group	Range	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each	Net financial income	Rents, actual and imputed	Profits kept in companies
					Allocated capital income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
Bottom 10%D1 · 6.8 million people	under €1,160	6.8 million	€390	€1,790	€20	€80	€10
Bottom 10–20%D2 · 6.8 million people	€1,160–€1,480	6.8 million	€520	€2,050	€30	€90	€10
Bottom 20–30%D3 · 6.8 million people	€1,480–€1,750	6.8 million	€710	€1,960	€40	€130	€20
Bottom 30–40%D4 · 6.8 million people	€1,750–€1,990	6.8 million	€910	€1,980	€50	€150	€10
Bottom 40–50%D5 · 6.8 million people	€1,990–€2,230	6.8 million	€1,070	€1,830	€50	€170	€20
Top 40–50%D6 · 6.8 million people	€2,230–€2,490	6.8 million	€1,250	€1,870	€70	€200	€30
Top 30–40%D7 · 6.8 million people	€2,490–€2,810	6.8 million	€1,500	€1,880	€90	€220	€30
Top 20–30%D8 · 6.8 million people	€2,810–€3,230	6.8 million	€1,840	€1,820	€130	€250	€60
Top 10–20%D9 · 6.8 million people	€3,230–€4,050	6.8 million	€2,340	€1,940	€210	€300	€90
Top 10%D10 · 6.8 million people	over €4,050	6.8 million	€5,080	€2,230	€950	€440	€1,240

By tenth: D1 to D10 as Insee publishes them, each tenth adding two of Insee's twentieths; the groups' shares are Insee's.

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-tenths-2024.html, and on the Method page.

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

Bottom 33%P0–33 · 23 million peopleWho pays€151.6bnWho receives€507.9bn
Bottom 33–49%P33–49 · 11 million peopleWho pays€125.3bnWho receives€231.9bn
Middle, 49–61% from the bottomP49–61 · 8.5 million peopleWho pays€123.8bnWho receives€181.6bn
Top 29–39%P61–71 · 6.9 million peopleWho pays€122.5bnWho receives€148.4bn
Top 20–29%P71–80 · 5.7 million peopleWho pays€122bnWho receives€119.1bn
Top 13–20%P80–87 · 4.7 million peopleWho pays€121.1bnWho receives€102.9bn
Top 7.9–13%P87–92 · 3.8 million peopleWho pays€121.9bnWho receives€88.1bn
Top 3.5–7.9%P92–96.5 · 3 million peopleWho pays€117.9bnWho receives€72.8bn
Top 0.9–3.5%P96.5–99.1 · 1.8 million peopleWho pays€115.5bnWho receives€47.4bn
Top 0.6–0.9%P99.1–99.4 · 220,000 peopleWho pays€23.1bnWho receives€6.3bn
Top 0.3–0.6%P99.4–99.7 · 180,000 peopleWho pays€23.1bnWho receives€5.3bn
Top 0.2–0.3%P99.7–99.8 · 130,000 peopleWho pays€23.1bnWho receives€4.1bn
Top 0.04–0.2%P99.8–99.96 · 78,000 peopleWho pays€23.1bnWho receives€3bn
Top 0.04%P99.96–100 · 27,000 peopleWho pays€23.1bnWho receives€1.8bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
Bottom 33%	Through companies	€87.3bn	5.4%
Bottom 33%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€12.8bn	0.8%
Bottom 33%	CSG on capital income	€1.9bn	0.1%
Bottom 33%	Income tax	€3bn	0.2%
Bottom 33%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Bottom 33%	Pension contributions	€29.5bn	1.8%
Bottom 33%	Other contributions	€15.2bn	0.9%
Bottom 33–49%	Through companies	€57.4bn	3.6%
Bottom 33–49%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.2bn	0.9%
Bottom 33–49%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Income tax	€1.3bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.8bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Pension contributions	€30.9bn	1.9%
Bottom 33–49%	Other contributions	€17.3bn	1.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Through companies	€53.4bn	3.3%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.2bn	0.9%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Income tax	€3.3bn	0.2%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Pension contributions	€30.5bn	1.9%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Other contributions	€18.1bn	1.1%
Top 29–39%	Through companies	€48.8bn	3.0%
Top 29–39%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.1bn	0.9%
Top 29–39%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Top 29–39%	Income tax	€5.2bn	0.3%
Top 29–39%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.8bn	0.1%
Top 29–39%	Pension contributions	€31.3bn	1.9%
Top 29–39%	Other contributions	€19bn	1.2%
Top 20–29%	Through companies	€45.8bn	2.8%
Top 20–29%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14.6bn	0.9%
Top 20–29%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Top 20–29%	Income tax	€7.4bn	0.5%
Top 20–29%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Top 20–29%	Pension contributions	€31.1bn	1.9%
Top 20–29%	Other contributions	€19.8bn	1.2%
Top 13–20%	Through companies	€42.3bn	2.6%
Top 13–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14.1bn	0.9%
Top 13–20%	CSG on capital income	€1.5bn	0.1%
Top 13–20%	Income tax	€10bn	0.6%
Top 13–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 13–20%	Pension contributions	€30.6bn	1.9%
Top 13–20%	Other contributions	€20.6bn	1.3%
Top 7.9–13%	Through companies	€39bn	2.4%
Top 7.9–13%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€13.7bn	0.8%
Top 7.9–13%	CSG on capital income	€1.6bn	0.1%
Top 7.9–13%	Income tax	€13.6bn	0.8%
Top 7.9–13%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.6bn	0.2%
Top 7.9–13%	Pension contributions	€30.1bn	1.9%
Top 7.9–13%	Other contributions	€21.4bn	1.3%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Through companies	€38.4bn	2.4%
Top 3.5–7.9%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€12bn	0.7%
Top 3.5–7.9%	CSG on capital income	€1.9bn	0.1%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Income tax	€17.7bn	1.1%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.2bn	0.2%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Pension contributions	€25.6bn	1.6%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Other contributions	€19.1bn	1.2%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Through companies	€42bn	2.6%
Top 0.9–3.5%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€10.2bn	0.6%
Top 0.9–3.5%	CSG on capital income	€2.2bn	0.1%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Income tax	€21bn	1.3%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.8bn	0.2%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Pension contributions	€20.4bn	1.3%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Other contributions	€16bn	1.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Through companies	€8.4bn	0.5%
Top 0.6–0.9%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2bn	0.1%
Top 0.6–0.9%	CSG on capital income	€450m	0.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Income tax	€4.2bn	0.3%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€752m	0.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Pension contributions	€4.1bn	0.3%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Other contributions	€3.2bn	0.2%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Through companies	€8.4bn	0.5%
Top 0.3–0.6%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2bn	0.1%
Top 0.3–0.6%	CSG on capital income	€450m	0.0%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Income tax	€4.2bn	0.3%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€752m	0.0%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Pension contributions	€4.1bn	0.3%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Other contributions	€3.2bn	0.2%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Through companies	€8.4bn	0.5%
Top 0.2–0.3%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2bn	0.1%
Top 0.2–0.3%	CSG on capital income	€450m	0.0%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Income tax	€4.2bn	0.3%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€752m	0.0%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Pension contributions	€4.1bn	0.3%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Other contributions	€3.2bn	0.2%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Through companies	€8.4bn	0.5%
Top 0.04–0.2%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2bn	0.1%
Top 0.04–0.2%	CSG on capital income	€450m	0.0%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Income tax	€4.2bn	0.3%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€752m	0.0%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Pension contributions	€4.1bn	0.3%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Other contributions	€3.2bn	0.2%
Top 0.04%	Through companies	€8.4bn	0.5%
Top 0.04%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2bn	0.1%
Top 0.04%	CSG on capital income	€450m	0.0%
Top 0.04%	Income tax	€4.2bn	0.3%
Top 0.04%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€752m	0.0%
Top 0.04%	Pension contributions	€4.1bn	0.3%
Top 0.04%	Other contributions	€3.2bn	0.2%
Outside France	Through companies	€29.9bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€158.2bn	9.8%
Outside France	General government	€3bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€9.2bn	0.6%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€318.8bn	19.7%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€128.1bn	7.9%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€79.3bn	4.9%
Taxes on products	General government	€318.8bn	19.7%
Taxes on production	General government	€128.1bn	7.9%
Corporate tax	General government	€79.3bn	4.9%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€133bn	8.2%
CSG on capital income	General government	€16.9bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€103.3bn	6.4%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€24.7bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€280.4bn	17.4%
Other contributions	General government	€182.4bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€676m	0.0%
Other revenue	General government	€156.3bn	9.7%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.3%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.2bn	2.7%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53bn	3.3%
General government	Pensions	€370bn	22.9%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€42.9bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€137.4bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€249.7bn	15.5%
General government	Education	€141.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€107.7bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€41.4bn	2.6%
General government	Collective services	€332.8bn	20.6%
General government	Banque de France	€11.3bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€14.6bn	0.9%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€7bn	0.4%
General government	Unclassified spending	€878m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.2bn	2.7%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53bn	3.3%
Through companies	Bottom 33%	€18.9bn	1.2%
Pensions	Bottom 33%	€74.2bn	4.6%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 33%	€17.1bn	1.1%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 33%	€58.5bn	3.6%
Health care	Bottom 33%	€94bn	5.8%
Education	Bottom 33%	€58.5bn	3.6%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 33%	€57.1bn	3.5%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 33%	€13.8bn	0.9%
Collective services	Bottom 33%	€115.8bn	7.2%
Through companies	Bottom 33–49%	€12.1bn	0.7%
Pensions	Bottom 33–49%	€54.7bn	3.4%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 33–49%	€6.9bn	0.4%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 33–49%	€19.5bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 33–49%	€42.6bn	2.6%
Education	Bottom 33–49%	€21.8bn	1.3%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 33–49%	€16.5bn	1.0%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 33–49%	€6.5bn	0.4%
Collective services	Bottom 33–49%	€51.3bn	3.2%
Through companies	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€11bn	0.7%
Pensions	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€49.7bn	3.1%
Unemployment benefits	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€4.2bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€13.9bn	0.9%
Health care	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€31.2bn	1.9%
Education	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€15.8bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€10.5bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€5.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€40.2bn	2.5%
Through companies	Top 29–39%	€10.1bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 29–39%	€42.4bn	2.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 29–39%	€3.5bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 29–39%	€11bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 29–39%	€24.9bn	1.5%
Education	Top 29–39%	€12.2bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Top 29–39%	€7.5bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 29–39%	€4.2bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 29–39%	€32.6bn	2.0%
Through companies	Top 20–29%	€9.5bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 20–29%	€37.2bn	2.3%
Unemployment benefits	Top 20–29%	€2.6bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 20–29%	€9.2bn	0.6%
Health care	Top 20–29%	€15.5bn	1.0%
Education	Top 20–29%	€10bn	0.6%
Social care and housing aid	Top 20–29%	€5bn	0.3%
Culture and leisure	Top 20–29%	€3.4bn	0.2%
Collective services	Top 20–29%	€26.7bn	1.7%
Through companies	Top 13–20%	€8.8bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 13–20%	€32.3bn	2.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 13–20%	€2.4bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 13–20%	€7.6bn	0.5%
Health care	Top 13–20%	€15bn	0.9%
Education	Top 13–20%	€8.1bn	0.5%
Social care and housing aid	Top 13–20%	€4bn	0.2%
Culture and leisure	Top 13–20%	€2.9bn	0.2%
Collective services	Top 13–20%	€21.8bn	1.4%
Through companies	Top 7.9–13%	€8.2bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 7.9–13%	€29.5bn	1.8%
Unemployment benefits	Top 7.9–13%	€2.3bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 7.9–13%	€6.4bn	0.4%
Health care	Top 7.9–13%	€11.6bn	0.7%
Education	Top 7.9–13%	€6.1bn	0.4%
Social care and housing aid	Top 7.9–13%	€3bn	0.2%
Culture and leisure	Top 7.9–13%	€2.3bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 7.9–13%	€18.6bn	1.1%
Through companies	Top 3.5–7.9%	€6.9bn	0.4%
Pensions	Top 3.5–7.9%	€26.1bn	1.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 3.5–7.9%	€2.2bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 3.5–7.9%	€5.7bn	0.4%
Health care	Top 3.5–7.9%	€8.3bn	0.5%
Education	Top 3.5–7.9%	€5bn	0.3%
Social care and housing aid	Top 3.5–7.9%	€2.2bn	0.1%
Culture and leisure	Top 3.5–7.9%	€1.8bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 3.5–7.9%	€14.5bn	0.9%
Through companies	Top 0.9–3.5%	€5.8bn	0.4%
Pensions	Top 0.9–3.5%	€17.6bn	1.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.9–3.5%	€4.1bn	0.3%
Health care	Top 0.9–3.5%	€4.9bn	0.3%
Education	Top 0.9–3.5%	€3bn	0.2%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.3bn	0.1%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.1bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 0.9–3.5%	€8.3bn	0.5%
Through companies	Top 0.6–0.9%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.6–0.9%	€2.2bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.6–0.9%	€152m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.6–0.9%	€507m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.6–0.9%	€611m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.6–0.9%	€380m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.6–0.9%	€162m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.6–0.9%	€134m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.6–0.9%	€1bn	0.1%
Through companies	Top 0.3–0.6%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.3–0.6%	€1.7bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.3–0.6%	€120m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.3–0.6%	€400m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.3–0.6%	€482m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.3–0.6%	€300m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.3–0.6%	€128m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.3–0.6%	€106m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.3–0.6%	€818m	0.1%
Through companies	Top 0.2–0.3%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.2–0.3%	€1.3bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.2–0.3%	€87.1m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.2–0.3%	€291m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.2–0.3%	€351m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.2–0.3%	€218m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.2–0.3%	€93.1m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.2–0.3%	€77.1m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.2–0.3%	€595m	0.0%
Through companies	Top 0.04–0.2%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.04–0.2%	€776m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.04–0.2%	€53.6m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.04–0.2%	€179m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.04–0.2%	€216m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.04–0.2%	€134m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.04–0.2%	€57.3m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.04–0.2%	€47.4m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.04–0.2%	€366m	0.0%
Through companies	Top 0.04%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.04%	€269m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.04%	€18.6m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.04%	€62.2m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.04%	€74.9m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.04%	€46.6m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.04%	€19.9m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.04%	€16.5m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.04%	€127m	0.0%
General government	Outside France	€25.8bn	1.6%
General government	Outside France	€23.9bn	1.5%
General government	Outside France	€10.8bn	0.7%
General government	Outside France	€373m	0.0%

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Show the ranges and population

Group	Range	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each	Net financial income	Rents, actual and imputed	Profits kept in companies
					Allocated capital income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
Bottom 33%P0–33 · 23 million people	under €1,800	22.8 million	€550	€1,860	€30	€110	€10
Bottom 33–49%P33–49 · 11 million people	€1,800–€2,170	10.7 million	€970	€1,800	€50	€160	€20
Middle, 49–61% from the bottomP49–61 · 8.5 million people	€2,170–€2,480	8.5 million	€1,220	€1,790	€70	€190	€30
Top 29–39%P61–71 · 6.9 million people	€2,480–€2,810	6.9 million	€1,480	€1,800	€100	€230	€30
Top 20–29%P71–80 · 5.7 million people	€2,810–€3,170	5.7 million	€1,790	€1,740	€130	€250	€60
Top 13–20%P80–87 · 4.7 million people	€3,170–€3,720	4.7 million	€2,140	€1,820	€190	€290	€80
Top 7.9–13%P87–92 · 3.8 million people	€3,720–€4,420	3.8 million	€2,700	€1,950	€290	€330	€160
Top 3.5–7.9%P92–96.5 · 3 million people	over €4,420	3.0 million	€3,310 (€3,260–€3,530)	€2,040 (€2,030–€2,040)	€540 (€360–€540)	€340 (€340–€380)	€590 (€220–€590)
Top 0.9–3.5%P96.5–99.1 · 1.8 million people	–	1.8 million	€5,410 (€4,840–€5,620)	€2,220 (€2,200–€2,230)	€1,220 (€610–€1,220)	€420 (€380–€500)	€1,760 (€280–€1,770)
Top 0.6–0.9%P99.1–99.4 · 220,000 people	–	221,681	€8,680 (€7,220–€8,730)	€2,380 (€2,340–€2,450)	€1,950 (€1,320–€1,960)	€670 (€600–€670)	€2,830 (€690–€2,850)
Top 0.3–0.6%P99.4–99.7 · 180,000 people	–	175,047	€11,000 (€8,930–€11,040)	€2,500 (€2,450–€2,590)	€2,470 (€1,950–€2,480)	€850 (€680–€850)	€3,590 (€1,090–€3,600)
Top 0.2–0.3%P99.7–99.8 · 130,000 people	–	127,358	€15,120 (€12,060–€15,120)	€2,710 (€2,680–€2,790)	€3,400 (€3,260–€3,400)	€1,170 (€780–€1,170)	€4,930 (€2,030–€4,930)
Top 0.04–0.2%P99.8–99.96 · 78,000 people	–	78,339	€24,580 (€19,310–€26,080)	€3,190 (€3,180–€3,260)	€5,520 (€5,480–€7,610)	€1,900 (€960–€2,010)	€8,010 (€5,310–€8,500)
Top 0.04%P99.96–100 · 27,000 people	–	27,208	€70,760 (€68,510–€166,280)	€5,520 (€4,420–€7,690)	€15,900 (€15,400–€78,020)	€5,460 (€1,450–€8,790)	€23,080 (€22,340–€215,850)

By share of income: one ranking, Insee's, by living standard. Along it, each group holds the same share of extended primary income, the first nine a tenth of it each and the last five 2% each, filled from the bottom. A group's edges are the ranks where the share of income above reaches 90%, 80% and so on, on Insee's own curve: below the 95th percentile income is taken as even within each of Insee's twentieths, so the curve is linear between them, and each group takes of a twentieth's cells the part of its people it covers.

Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Inside it, the curve follows a generalized Pareto tail (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty, Review of Income and Wealth, 2022, the method behind WID's tabulations), fitted on Insee's twenty points: its coefficient at P95 is 1.9 and its shape 0.5. On it P99–100 holds 43.5% of the top 5%'s income and P99.9–100 13.4%; WID, which ranks adults by their own income, finds 48.4% and 19.3%, higher, as expected when people are ranked by another variable and another income unit. Each item of the top 5% is then shared along the tail as the top 5%'s structure has it: levies and subsidies in proportion to income, as Insee's attribution keys are, transfers per person, as Insee spreads in-kind and collective transfers.

The bracketed ranges change one assumption at a time, each keeping the central case's percentile edges, so that they describe the same people: a strict Pareto tail; the most concentrated tail that nowhere holds more of the top 5%'s income than WID's; each item along the gradient Insee's own nineteenth and twentieth twentieths show, continued up the tail; and personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along the change of IPP's 2016 rates between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100. The top groups are narrow, so the range of what each person pays there is wide: Insee's twenty points do not say how few people hold the top 2% of income, nor how levies vary inside the top 5%.

IPP's rates are used only as a cross-check. The rate one quotes depends on the income base. On declared income, personal taxes take 37 to 40% across the top 0.1%; on economic income, about 9.8%, and 2% for the 378 richest households. Counting the corporate tax of their companies, the direct rate is 34.5% on average, against 42% for P99–99.9, 46% at the entry to the top 0.1% and 26% for the 75 richest. These are 2016 rates, before the 2018 flat tax on capital income and the replacement of the wealth tax by a tax on property. Bozio, Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret, Guillot and Piketty find 49% for P99.9–100 in 2018: their distributional accounts count indirect taxes and attribute all corporate tax to shareholders by national-accounts rules, where IPP follows the companies each household controls and counts direct taxes only.

Capital income by share of income: below the 95th percentile, each group takes of a twentieth's capital income the part of its people it covers; inside the top 5% it is shared along the tail in proportion to income, the top 5%'s structure. In brackets, the same people under the other assumptions: every alternative keeps the central case's percentile edges, so a group's range is about the people it names. Among the alternatives, Insee's own gradient of each channel between its nineteenth and twentieth twentieths, continued up the tail, concentrates it more.

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-shares-2023.html, and on the Method page.

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

Bottom 33%P0–33 · 23 million peopleWho pays€155.6bnWho receives€527.9bn
Bottom 33–49%P33–49 · 11 million peopleWho pays€129bnWho receives€241bn
Middle, 49–61% from the bottomP49–61 · 8.5 million peopleWho pays€127.5bnWho receives€188.6bn
Top 29–39%P61–71 · 6.9 million peopleWho pays€126.3bnWho receives€154.1bn
Top 20–29%P71–80 · 5.7 million peopleWho pays€125.7bnWho receives€123.7bn
Top 13–20%P80–87 · 4.7 million peopleWho pays€124.9bnWho receives€106.8bn
Top 7.9–13%P87–92 · 3.8 million peopleWho pays€125.7bnWho receives€91.5bn
Top 3.5–7.9%P92–96.5 · 3 million peopleWho pays€121.5bnWho receives€75.6bn
Top 0.9–3.5%P96.5–99.1 · 1.8 million peopleWho pays€118.9bnWho receives€49.2bn
Top 0.6–0.9%P99.1–99.4 · 220,000 peopleWho pays€23.8bnWho receives€6.6bn
Top 0.3–0.6%P99.4–99.7 · 180,000 peopleWho pays€23.8bnWho receives€5.4bn
Top 0.2–0.3%P99.7–99.8 · 130,000 peopleWho pays€23.8bnWho receives€4.3bn
Top 0.04–0.2%P99.8–99.96 · 78,000 peopleWho pays€23.8bnWho receives€3.1bn
Top 0.04%P99.96–100 · 27,000 peopleWho pays€23.8bnWho receives€1.8bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
Bottom 33%	Through companies	€88.9bn	5.3%
Bottom 33%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€13.2bn	0.8%
Bottom 33%	CSG on capital income	€1.9bn	0.1%
Bottom 33%	Income tax	€3.1bn	0.2%
Bottom 33%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Bottom 33%	Pension contributions	€30.8bn	1.8%
Bottom 33%	Other contributions	€15.9bn	0.9%
Bottom 33–49%	Through companies	€58.5bn	3.5%
Bottom 33–49%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.6bn	0.9%
Bottom 33–49%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Income tax	€1.4bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.8bn	0.1%
Bottom 33–49%	Pension contributions	€32.3bn	1.9%
Bottom 33–49%	Other contributions	€18bn	1.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Through companies	€54.4bn	3.2%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.5bn	0.9%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Income tax	€3.4bn	0.2%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Pension contributions	€31.9bn	1.9%
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	Other contributions	€18.9bn	1.1%
Top 29–39%	Through companies	€49.7bn	2.9%
Top 29–39%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€15.4bn	0.9%
Top 29–39%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Top 29–39%	Income tax	€5.3bn	0.3%
Top 29–39%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Top 29–39%	Pension contributions	€32.7bn	1.9%
Top 29–39%	Other contributions	€19.9bn	1.2%
Top 20–29%	Through companies	€46.7bn	2.8%
Top 20–29%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14.9bn	0.9%
Top 20–29%	CSG on capital income	€1.4bn	0.1%
Top 20–29%	Income tax	€7.6bn	0.4%
Top 20–29%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.9bn	0.1%
Top 20–29%	Pension contributions	€32.5bn	1.9%
Top 20–29%	Other contributions	€20.7bn	1.2%
Top 13–20%	Through companies	€43.1bn	2.5%
Top 13–20%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14.4bn	0.8%
Top 13–20%	CSG on capital income	€1.5bn	0.1%
Top 13–20%	Income tax	€10.2bn	0.6%
Top 13–20%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.2bn	0.1%
Top 13–20%	Pension contributions	€32bn	1.9%
Top 13–20%	Other contributions	€21.5bn	1.3%
Top 7.9–13%	Through companies	€39.7bn	2.3%
Top 7.9–13%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€14bn	0.8%
Top 7.9–13%	CSG on capital income	€1.7bn	0.1%
Top 7.9–13%	Income tax	€13.9bn	0.8%
Top 7.9–13%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.6bn	0.2%
Top 7.9–13%	Pension contributions	€31.5bn	1.9%
Top 7.9–13%	Other contributions	€22.3bn	1.3%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Through companies	€39.1bn	2.3%
Top 3.5–7.9%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€12.2bn	0.7%
Top 3.5–7.9%	CSG on capital income	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Income tax	€18.1bn	1.1%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.3bn	0.2%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Pension contributions	€26.7bn	1.6%
Top 3.5–7.9%	Other contributions	€20bn	1.2%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Through companies	€42.8bn	2.5%
Top 0.9–3.5%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€10.3bn	0.6%
Top 0.9–3.5%	CSG on capital income	€2.5bn	0.1%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Income tax	€21.5bn	1.3%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.8bn	0.2%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Pension contributions	€21.3bn	1.3%
Top 0.9–3.5%	Other contributions	€16.7bn	1.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Through companies	€8.6bn	0.5%
Top 0.6–0.9%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 0.6–0.9%	CSG on capital income	€490m	0.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Income tax	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€770m	0.0%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Pension contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.6–0.9%	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Through companies	€8.6bn	0.5%
Top 0.3–0.6%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 0.3–0.6%	CSG on capital income	€490m	0.0%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Income tax	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€770m	0.0%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Pension contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.3–0.6%	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Through companies	€8.6bn	0.5%
Top 0.2–0.3%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 0.2–0.3%	CSG on capital income	€490m	0.0%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Income tax	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€770m	0.0%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Pension contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.2–0.3%	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Through companies	€8.6bn	0.5%
Top 0.04–0.2%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 0.04–0.2%	CSG on capital income	€490m	0.0%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Income tax	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€770m	0.0%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Pension contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.04–0.2%	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Top 0.04%	Through companies	€8.6bn	0.5%
Top 0.04%	CSG on earnings and benefits	€2.1bn	0.1%
Top 0.04%	CSG on capital income	€490m	0.0%
Top 0.04%	Income tax	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.04%	Other taxes on income and wealth	€770m	0.0%
Top 0.04%	Pension contributions	€4.3bn	0.3%
Top 0.04%	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
Outside France	Through companies	€31.5bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€124.9bn	7.4%
Outside France	General government	€3.5bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€6.9bn	0.4%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€325.4bn	19.2%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€130.7bn	7.7%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€81.2bn	4.8%
Taxes on products	General government	€325.4bn	19.2%
Taxes on production	General government	€130.7bn	7.7%
Corporate tax	General government	€81.2bn	4.8%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€135.7bn	8.0%
CSG on capital income	General government	€17.7bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€105.8bn	6.2%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€25.3bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€293bn	17.3%
Other contributions	General government	€190.6bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€64.4bn	3.8%
Other revenue	General government	€166.9bn	9.9%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.2%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.6bn	2.6%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53.4bn	3.2%
General government	Pensions	€389.8bn	23.0%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€45.2bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€144.7bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€261.2bn	15.4%
General government	Education	€148.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€113.4bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€43.1bn	2.5%
General government	Collective services	€335.7bn	19.8%
General government	Banque de France	€11.9bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€16.4bn	1.0%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€20.3bn	1.2%
General government	Unclassified spending	€914m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.6bn	2.6%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53.4bn	3.2%
Through companies	Bottom 33%	€19.1bn	1.1%
Pensions	Bottom 33%	€78.2bn	4.6%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 33%	€18bn	1.1%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 33%	€61.6bn	3.6%
Health care	Bottom 33%	€98.3bn	5.8%
Education	Bottom 33%	€61.5bn	3.6%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 33%	€60.2bn	3.6%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 33%	€14.3bn	0.8%
Collective services	Bottom 33%	€116.8bn	6.9%
Through companies	Bottom 33–49%	€12.2bn	0.7%
Pensions	Bottom 33–49%	€57.6bn	3.4%
Unemployment benefits	Bottom 33–49%	€7.2bn	0.4%
Other cash benefits	Bottom 33–49%	€20.6bn	1.2%
Health care	Bottom 33–49%	€44.6bn	2.6%
Education	Bottom 33–49%	€22.9bn	1.4%
Social care and housing aid	Bottom 33–49%	€17.4bn	1.0%
Culture and leisure	Bottom 33–49%	€6.7bn	0.4%
Collective services	Bottom 33–49%	€51.8bn	3.1%
Through companies	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€11.1bn	0.7%
Pensions	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€52.3bn	3.1%
Unemployment benefits	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€4.4bn	0.3%
Other cash benefits	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€14.6bn	0.9%
Health care	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€32.6bn	1.9%
Education	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€16.6bn	1.0%
Social care and housing aid	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€11.1bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€5.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Middle, 49–61% from the bottom	€40.6bn	2.4%
Through companies	Top 29–39%	€10.2bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 29–39%	€44.7bn	2.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 29–39%	€3.7bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 29–39%	€11.6bn	0.7%
Health care	Top 29–39%	€26.1bn	1.5%
Education	Top 29–39%	€12.8bn	0.8%
Social care and housing aid	Top 29–39%	€7.9bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	Top 29–39%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	Top 29–39%	€32.9bn	1.9%
Through companies	Top 20–29%	€9.6bn	0.6%
Pensions	Top 20–29%	€39.2bn	2.3%
Unemployment benefits	Top 20–29%	€2.8bn	0.2%
Other cash benefits	Top 20–29%	€9.7bn	0.6%
Health care	Top 20–29%	€16.2bn	1.0%
Education	Top 20–29%	€10.5bn	0.6%
Social care and housing aid	Top 20–29%	€5.3bn	0.3%
Culture and leisure	Top 20–29%	€3.6bn	0.2%
Collective services	Top 20–29%	€26.9bn	1.6%
Through companies	Top 13–20%	€8.9bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 13–20%	€34.1bn	2.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 13–20%	€2.5bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 13–20%	€8bn	0.5%
Health care	Top 13–20%	€15.7bn	0.9%
Education	Top 13–20%	€8.5bn	0.5%
Social care and housing aid	Top 13–20%	€4.2bn	0.2%
Culture and leisure	Top 13–20%	€3bn	0.2%
Collective services	Top 13–20%	€22bn	1.3%
Through companies	Top 7.9–13%	€8.3bn	0.5%
Pensions	Top 7.9–13%	€31.1bn	1.8%
Unemployment benefits	Top 7.9–13%	€2.4bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 7.9–13%	€6.8bn	0.4%
Health care	Top 7.9–13%	€12.2bn	0.7%
Education	Top 7.9–13%	€6.4bn	0.4%
Social care and housing aid	Top 7.9–13%	€3.2bn	0.2%
Culture and leisure	Top 7.9–13%	€2.4bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 7.9–13%	€18.7bn	1.1%
Through companies	Top 3.5–7.9%	€7bn	0.4%
Pensions	Top 3.5–7.9%	€27.5bn	1.6%
Unemployment benefits	Top 3.5–7.9%	€2.4bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 3.5–7.9%	€6bn	0.4%
Health care	Top 3.5–7.9%	€8.6bn	0.5%
Education	Top 3.5–7.9%	€5.2bn	0.3%
Social care and housing aid	Top 3.5–7.9%	€2.3bn	0.1%
Culture and leisure	Top 3.5–7.9%	€1.9bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 3.5–7.9%	€14.6bn	0.9%
Through companies	Top 0.9–3.5%	€5.9bn	0.3%
Pensions	Top 0.9–3.5%	€18.6bn	1.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.3bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.9–3.5%	€4.3bn	0.3%
Health care	Top 0.9–3.5%	€5.1bn	0.3%
Education	Top 0.9–3.5%	€3.2bn	0.2%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.4bn	0.1%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.9–3.5%	€1.1bn	0.1%
Collective services	Top 0.9–3.5%	€8.4bn	0.5%
Through companies	Top 0.6–0.9%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.6–0.9%	€2.3bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.6–0.9%	€160m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.6–0.9%	€534m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.6–0.9%	€639m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.6–0.9%	€399m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.6–0.9%	€171m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.6–0.9%	€140m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.6–0.9%	€1bn	0.1%
Through companies	Top 0.3–0.6%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.3–0.6%	€1.8bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.3–0.6%	€126m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.3–0.6%	€421m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.3–0.6%	€504m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.3–0.6%	€315m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.3–0.6%	€135m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.3–0.6%	€110m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.3–0.6%	€825m	0.0%
Through companies	Top 0.2–0.3%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.2–0.3%	€1.3bn	0.1%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.2–0.3%	€91.8m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.2–0.3%	€307m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.2–0.3%	€367m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.2–0.3%	€229m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.2–0.3%	€98.1m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.2–0.3%	€80.2m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.2–0.3%	€600m	0.0%
Through companies	Top 0.04–0.2%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.04–0.2%	€817m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.04–0.2%	€56.5m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.04–0.2%	€189m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.04–0.2%	€226m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.04–0.2%	€141m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.04–0.2%	€60.3m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.04–0.2%	€49.3m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.04–0.2%	€369m	0.0%
Through companies	Top 0.04%	€1.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	Top 0.04%	€284m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	Top 0.04%	€19.6m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	Top 0.04%	€65.5m	0.0%
Health care	Top 0.04%	€78.4m	0.0%
Education	Top 0.04%	€48.9m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	Top 0.04%	€20.9m	0.0%
Culture and leisure	Top 0.04%	€17.1m	0.0%
Collective services	Top 0.04%	€128m	0.0%
General government	Outside France	€30.6bn	1.8%
General government	Outside France	€22.3bn	1.3%
General government	Outside France	€10.3bn	0.6%
General government	Outside France	€760m	0.0%

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Show the ranges and population

Group	Range	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each	Net financial income	Rents, actual and imputed	Profits kept in companies
					Allocated capital income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
Bottom 33%P0–33 · 23 million people	under €1,830	22.8 million	€570	€1,930	€30	€110	€10
Bottom 33–49%P33–49 · 11 million people	€1,830–€2,200	10.7 million	€1,000	€1,880	€50	€160	€20
Middle, 49–61% from the bottomP49–61 · 8.5 million people	€2,200–€2,530	8.5 million	€1,250	€1,860	€70	€190	€30
Top 29–39%P61–71 · 6.9 million people	€2,530–€2,870	6.9 million	€1,530	€1,870	€100	€230	€30
Top 20–29%P71–80 · 5.7 million people	€2,870–€3,220	5.7 million	€1,840	€1,810	€130	€250	€60
Top 13–20%P80–87 · 4.7 million people	€3,220–€3,770	4.7 million	€2,210	€1,890	€190	€290	€80
Top 7.9–13%P87–92 · 3.8 million people	€3,770–€4,500	3.8 million	€2,780	€2,020	€290	€330	€160
Top 3.5–7.9%P92–96.5 · 3 million people	over €4,500	3.0 million	€3,410 (€3,360–€3,640)	€2,120 (€2,110–€2,120)	€540 (€360–€540)	€340 (€340–€380)	€590 (€220–€590)
Top 0.9–3.5%P96.5–99.1 · 1.8 million people	–	1.8 million	€5,570 (€4,990–€5,790)	€2,300 (€2,280–€2,320)	€1,220 (€610–€1,220)	€420 (€380–€500)	€1,760 (€280–€1,770)
Top 0.6–0.9%P99.1–99.4 · 220,000 people	–	221,681	€8,940 (€7,440–€8,990)	€2,470 (€2,430–€2,550)	€1,950 (€1,320–€1,960)	€670 (€600–€670)	€2,830 (€690–€2,850)
Top 0.3–0.6%P99.4–99.7 · 180,000 people	–	175,047	€11,320 (€9,190–€11,360)	€2,590 (€2,540–€2,680)	€2,470 (€1,950–€2,480)	€850 (€680–€850)	€3,590 (€1,090–€3,600)
Top 0.2–0.3%P99.7–99.8 · 130,000 people	–	127,358	€15,560 (€12,410–€15,560)	€2,800 (€2,770–€2,890)	€3,400 (€3,260–€3,400)	€1,170 (€780–€1,170)	€4,930 (€2,030–€4,930)
Top 0.04–0.2%P99.8–99.96 · 78,000 people	–	78,339	€25,290 (€19,800–€26,840)	€3,280 (€3,270–€3,360)	€5,520 (€5,480–€7,610)	€1,900 (€960–€2,010)	€8,010 (€5,310–€8,500)
Top 0.04%P99.96–100 · 27,000 people	–	27,208	€72,820 (€70,500–€170,140)	€5,630 (€4,560–€7,830)	€15,900 (€15,400–€78,020)	€5,460 (€1,450–€8,790)	€23,080 (€22,340–€215,850)

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-shares-2024.html, and on the Method page.

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

18–29Who pays€90.7bnWho receives€86.5bn
30–39Who pays€221.7bnWho receives€182bn
40–49Who pays€285.2bnWho receives€236.3bn
50–64Who pays€415.3bnWho receives€345bn
65 and overWho pays€156.9bnWho receives€573.7bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Levies, net of subsidies
Cash benefits
Non-cash transfers
Borrowing, other revenue and spending no group receives

Blue: levies, net of subsidies; yellow: cash benefits; pink: transfers in kind and collective services; grey: borrowing, other revenue and spending no group receives. Hover a group to see what each person pays and receives; click anything to see its source.

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
18–29	Levies, net of subsidies	€90.7bn	6.0%
30–39	Levies, net of subsidies	€221.7bn	14.7%
40–49	Levies, net of subsidies	€285.2bn	18.9%
50–64	Levies, net of subsidies	€415.3bn	27.5%
65 and over	Levies, net of subsidies	€156.9bn	10.4%
Levies, net of subsidies	General government	€1,170bn	77.4%
Borrowing	General government	€151.9bn	10.1%
Other revenue	General government	€156.3bn	10.3%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.4%
General government	Cash benefits	€550.2bn	36.4%
General government	Non-cash transfers	€873.2bn	57.8%
General government	Debt interest and unclassified	€52.6bn	3.5%
Outside France	General government	€3bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€9.2bn	0.6%
General government	Outside France	€23.9bn	1.6%
General government	Outside France	€10.8bn	0.7%
General government	Outside France	€373m	0.0%
Cash benefits	18–29	€16.6bn	1.1%
Cash benefits	30–39	€39.5bn	2.6%
Cash benefits	40–49	€51.2bn	3.4%
Cash benefits	50–64	€131.5bn	8.7%
Cash benefits	65 and over	€311.4bn	20.6%
Non-cash transfers	18–29	€69.9bn	4.6%
Non-cash transfers	30–39	€142.5bn	9.4%
Non-cash transfers	40–49	€185.1bn	12.2%
Non-cash transfers	50–64	€213.5bn	14.1%
Non-cash transfers	65 and over	€262.2bn	17.4%

Show the ages and population

Group	Age	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each
18–29	18–29	5.5 million	€1,380 (€1,190–€1,380)	€1,320 (€1,190–€1,320)
30–39	30–39	13.7 million	€1,350 (€1,350–€1,570)	€1,110 (€1,110–€1,350)
40–49	40–49	17.1 million	€1,390 (€1,390–€1,620)	€1,150 (€1,150–€1,400)
50–64	50–64	17.8 million	€1,950 (€1,740–€1,950)	€1,620 (€1,530–€1,620)
65 and over	65 and over	14.4 million	€910 (€750–€910)	€3,330 (€2,950–€3,330)

Age: the average age of the adults of the household, as Insee classifies households; children count in their household's group, so this is not each person's own age. Pays and receives: the group's levies and transfers over its people, a month; in brackets, the figure if every group had everyone's consumption units per person.

By age of the household: Insee's Figure 1e gives levies, cash benefits and non-cash transfers per consumption unit for five groups by the average age of the household's adults, children counting with their household. That is how Insee classifies households, not each person's own age: many under-30s live with their parents and are counted in older groups. No Insee table crosses the number or age of children with the age of the household's adults (the census's family and household tables cross them with family type, nationality and occupation only), so children are not split out and there is no individual-age view.

A group's amount is its euros per unit times its consumption units. Insee does not publish each group's units; they are calibrated so that the groups' per-unit amounts, weighted by their units, average to Insee's per-unit amounts for everyone on every row of Figure 1e, by least squares, each cell weighted by its rounding to €100, the 30–39 and 40–49 sharing one ratio of units to people, which the rows cannot separate. The bracketed ranges give the figure if every group had everyone's units per person. There is no detail of levies or transfers by age and no split through companies, so the middle of this view is coarser.

Capital income is not shown for this view: Insee's Figure 1e gives extended primary income by household age, not its capital part, and no other source found gives capital income by household age on the same concept. Levies are one total here, so the CSG on capital income is not split out either.

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-ages-2023.html, and on the Method page.

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

18–29Who pays€93.6bnWho receives€89.7bn
30–39Who pays€228.8bnWho receives€188.8bn
40–49Who pays€294.4bnWho receives€245.1bn
50–64Who pays€428.7bnWho receives€359bn
65 and overWho pays€162bnWho receives€598.9bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Levies, net of subsidies
Cash benefits
Non-cash transfers
Borrowing, other revenue and spending no group receives

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
18–29	Levies, net of subsidies	€93.6bn	5.9%
30–39	Levies, net of subsidies	€228.8bn	14.5%
40–49	Levies, net of subsidies	€294.4bn	18.7%
50–64	Levies, net of subsidies	€428.7bn	27.2%
65 and over	Levies, net of subsidies	€162bn	10.3%
Levies, net of subsidies	General government	€1,207bn	76.7%
Borrowing	General government	€169.1bn	10.7%
Other revenue	General government	€166.9bn	10.6%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.3%
General government	Cash benefits	€579.6bn	36.8%
General government	Non-cash transfers	€902bn	57.3%
General government	Debt interest and unclassified	€59.8bn	3.8%
Outside France	General government	€3.5bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€6.9bn	0.4%
General government	Outside France	€22.3bn	1.4%
General government	Outside France	€10.3bn	0.7%
General government	Outside France	€760m	0.0%
Cash benefits	18–29	€17.5bn	1.1%
Cash benefits	30–39	€41.6bn	2.6%
Cash benefits	40–49	€53.9bn	3.4%
Cash benefits	50–64	€138.5bn	8.8%
Cash benefits	65 and over	€328.1bn	20.8%
Non-cash transfers	18–29	€72.2bn	4.6%
Non-cash transfers	30–39	€147.2bn	9.3%
Non-cash transfers	40–49	€191.2bn	12.1%
Non-cash transfers	50–64	€220.5bn	14.0%
Non-cash transfers	65 and over	€270.9bn	17.2%

Show the ages and population

Group	Age	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each
18–29	18–29	5.5 million	€1,430 (€1,230–€1,430)	€1,370 (€1,230–€1,370)
30–39	30–39	13.7 million	€1,390 (€1,390–€1,620)	€1,150 (€1,150–€1,400)
40–49	40–49	17.1 million	€1,430 (€1,430–€1,670)	€1,190 (€1,190–€1,460)
50–64	50–64	17.8 million	€2,010 (€1,790–€2,010)	€1,680 (€1,590–€1,680)
65 and over	65 and over	14.4 million	€940 (€780–€940)	€3,470 (€3,080–€3,470)

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-ages-2024.html, and on the Method page.

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

0–2Who pays€4.1bnWho receives€35.4bn
3–10Who pays€15.5bnWho receives€109.3bn
11–17Who pays€24.4bnWho receives€122.8bn
18–29Who pays€169.5bnWho receives€162bn
30–39Who pays€231.9bnWho receives€126.6bn
40–49Who pays€262.7bnWho receives€130.2bn
50–64Who pays€371.7bnWho receives€261.1bn
65–79Who pays€115.8bnWho receives€386.4bn
80 and overWho pays€41.4bnWho receives€186.8bn

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Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
0–2	Through companies	€4.1bn	0.3%
0–2	CSG on earnings and benefits	€0m	0.0%
0–2	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Other taxes on income and wealth	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Pension contributions	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Other contributions	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Through companies	€15.5bn	1.0%
3–10	CSG on earnings and benefits	€0m	0.0%
3–10	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Other taxes on income and wealth	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Pension contributions	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Other contributions	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Through companies	€23.5bn	1.5%
11–17	CSG on earnings and benefits	€173m	0.0%
11–17	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Other taxes on income and wealth	€28.5m	0.0%
11–17	Pension contributions	€456m	0.0%
11–17	Other contributions	€297m	0.0%
18–29	Through companies	€67.7bn	4.2%
18–29	CSG on earnings and benefits	€16.5bn	1.0%
18–29	CSG on capital income	€433m	0.0%
18–29	Income tax	€10.5bn	0.7%
18–29	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.8bn	0.2%
18–29	Pension contributions	€43.4bn	2.7%
18–29	Other contributions	€28.2bn	1.7%
30–39	Through companies	€76.2bn	4.7%
30–39	CSG on earnings and benefits	€24.7bn	1.5%
30–39	CSG on capital income	€1.8bn	0.1%
30–39	Income tax	€17.5bn	1.1%
30–39	Other taxes on income and wealth	€4.4bn	0.3%
30–39	Pension contributions	€65.1bn	4.0%
30–39	Other contributions	€42.3bn	2.6%
40–49	Through companies	€86.2bn	5.3%
40–49	CSG on earnings and benefits	€27.6bn	1.7%
40–49	CSG on capital income	€2.7bn	0.2%
40–49	Income tax	€21.3bn	1.3%
40–49	Other taxes on income and wealth	€5bn	0.3%
40–49	Pension contributions	€72.6bn	4.5%
40–49	Other contributions	€47.3bn	2.9%
50–64	Through companies	€131.2bn	8.1%
50–64	CSG on earnings and benefits	€39bn	2.4%
50–64	CSG on capital income	€5.8bn	0.4%
50–64	Income tax	€34.7bn	2.1%
50–64	Other taxes on income and wealth	€7.4bn	0.5%
50–64	Pension contributions	€93.1bn	5.8%
50–64	Other contributions	€60.5bn	3.7%
65–79	Through companies	€66.7bn	4.1%
65–79	CSG on earnings and benefits	€18.3bn	1.1%
65–79	CSG on capital income	€4.4bn	0.3%
65–79	Income tax	€14.2bn	0.9%
65–79	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.7bn	0.2%
65–79	Pension contributions	€5.1bn	0.3%
65–79	Other contributions	€3.3bn	0.2%
80 and over	Through companies	€25.4bn	1.6%
80 and over	CSG on earnings and benefits	€6.7bn	0.4%
80 and over	CSG on capital income	€1.7bn	0.1%
80 and over	Income tax	€5.1bn	0.3%
80 and over	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.4bn	0.1%
80 and over	Pension contributions	€692m	0.0%
80 and over	Other contributions	€450m	0.0%
Outside France	Through companies	€29.9bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€158.2bn	9.8%
Outside France	General government	€3bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€9.2bn	0.6%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€318.8bn	19.7%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€128.1bn	7.9%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€79.3bn	4.9%
Taxes on products	General government	€318.8bn	19.7%
Taxes on production	General government	€128.1bn	7.9%
Corporate tax	General government	€79.3bn	4.9%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€133bn	8.2%
CSG on capital income	General government	€16.9bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€103.3bn	6.4%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€24.7bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€280.4bn	17.4%
Other contributions	General government	€182.4bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€676m	0.0%
Other revenue	General government	€156.3bn	9.7%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.3%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.2bn	2.7%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53bn	3.3%
General government	Pensions	€370bn	22.9%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€42.9bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€137.4bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€249.7bn	15.5%
General government	Education	€141.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€107.7bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€41.4bn	2.6%
General government	Collective services	€332.8bn	20.6%
General government	Banque de France	€11.3bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€14.6bn	0.9%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€7bn	0.4%
General government	Unclassified spending	€878m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.2bn	2.7%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53bn	3.3%
Through companies	0–2	€590m	0.0%
Pensions	0–2	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	0–2	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	0–2	€8.9bn	0.6%
Health care	0–2	€2.8bn	0.2%
Education	0–2	€510m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	0–2	€11.4bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	0–2	€1.2bn	0.1%
Collective services	0–2	€9.9bn	0.6%
Through companies	3–10	€2.3bn	0.1%
Pensions	3–10	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	3–10	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	3–10	€11.5bn	0.7%
Health care	3–10	€8.3bn	0.5%
Education	3–10	€44.3bn	2.7%
Social care and housing aid	3–10	€9bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	3–10	€3.8bn	0.2%
Collective services	3–10	€30.2bn	1.9%
Through companies	11–17	€3.5bn	0.2%
Pensions	11–17	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	11–17	€117m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	11–17	€9.8bn	0.6%
Health care	11–17	€7.6bn	0.5%
Education	11–17	€54.6bn	3.4%
Social care and housing aid	11–17	€14.4bn	0.9%
Culture and leisure	11–17	€3.6bn	0.2%
Collective services	11–17	€29.3bn	1.8%
Through companies	18–29	€14.9bn	0.9%
Pensions	18–29	€327m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	18–29	€8.2bn	0.5%
Other cash benefits	18–29	€19.3bn	1.2%
Health care	18–29	€14.7bn	0.9%
Education	18–29	€39.2bn	2.4%
Social care and housing aid	18–29	€13.9bn	0.9%
Culture and leisure	18–29	€5.7bn	0.4%
Collective services	18–29	€45.8bn	2.8%
Through companies	30–39	€18.3bn	1.1%
Pensions	30–39	€291m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	30–39	€11.3bn	0.7%
Other cash benefits	30–39	€22.6bn	1.4%
Health care	30–39	€17.6bn	1.1%
Education	30–39	€1.8bn	0.1%
Social care and housing aid	30–39	€8.7bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	30–39	€5.1bn	0.3%
Collective services	30–39	€40.8bn	2.5%
Through companies	40–49	€19.9bn	1.2%
Pensions	40–49	€297m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	40–49	€9.5bn	0.6%
Other cash benefits	40–49	€23.4bn	1.4%
Health care	40–49	€20.8bn	1.3%
Education	40–49	€833m	0.1%
Social care and housing aid	40–49	€8.8bn	0.5%
Culture and leisure	40–49	€5.2bn	0.3%
Collective services	40–49	€41.6bn	2.6%
Through companies	50–64	€27.1bn	1.7%
Pensions	50–64	€51.7bn	3.2%
Unemployment benefits	50–64	€12.2bn	0.8%
Other cash benefits	50–64	€31bn	1.9%
Health care	50–64	€52.5bn	3.2%
Education	50–64	€308m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	50–64	€14.1bn	0.9%
Culture and leisure	50–64	€8bn	0.5%
Collective services	50–64	€64.3bn	4.0%
Through companies	65–79	€7.8bn	0.5%
Pensions	65–79	€227.3bn	14.1%
Unemployment benefits	65–79	€1.6bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	65–79	€6.8bn	0.4%
Health care	65–79	€74.6bn	4.6%
Education	65–79	€29.6m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	65–79	€11.1bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	65–79	€6.3bn	0.4%
Collective services	65–79	€50.9bn	3.2%
Through companies	80 and over	€2.8bn	0.2%
Pensions	80 and over	€90.1bn	5.6%
Unemployment benefits	80 and over	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	80 and over	€4.1bn	0.3%
Health care	80 and over	€50.9bn	3.2%
Education	80 and over	€11.6m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	80 and over	€16.3bn	1.0%
Culture and leisure	80 and over	€2.5bn	0.2%
Collective services	80 and over	€20bn	1.2%
General government	Outside France	€25.8bn	1.6%
General government	Outside France	€23.9bn	1.5%
General government	Outside France	€10.8bn	0.7%
General government	Outside France	€373m	0.0%

Show the ages and population

Group	Age	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each
0–2	0–2	2.0 million	€170 (€170–€370)	€1,440 (€1,090–€1,500)
3–10	3–10	6.2 million	€210 (€210–€370)	€1,470 (€1,320–€1,520)
11–17	11–17	6.0 million	€340 (€340–€410)	€1,700 (€1,570–€1,760)
18–29	18–29	9.4 million	€1,500 (€1,300–€1,510)	€1,430 (€1,380–€1,440)
30–39	30–39	8.4 million	€2,310 (€2,170–€2,310)	€1,260 (€1,190–€1,390)
40–49	40–49	8.6 million	€2,560 (€2,510–€2,710)	€1,270 (€1,220–€1,380)
50–64	50–64	13.2 million	€2,340 (€2,300–€2,440)	€1,650 (€1,640–€1,660)
65–79	65–79	10.5 million	€920 (€920–€950)	€3,070 (€3,070–€3,120)
80 and over	80 and over	4.1 million	€840 (€830–€870)	€3,780 (€3,780–€3,820)

A synthetic allocation. Each total is split between ages by published age profiles and conventions. Age: each person's own age; children are a group of their own. Pays and receives: the group's levies and transfers over its people, a month; in brackets, the lowest and highest figure under the alternative allocations the notes list.

Net balance under each allocation: what each group receives less what it pays, a month per person, one convention changed at a time.

Allocation, 2023	0–2	3–10	11–17	18–29	30–39	40–49	50–64	65–79	80 and over
Central	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−70	€−1,050	€−1,290	€−690	€2,150	€2,940
Family benefits to the parents who claim them	€920	€1,110	€1,230	€−60	€−920	€−1,180	€−680	€2,150	€2,940
Taxes on products by equal consumption per person	€1,100	€1,120	€1,320	€−30	€−1,010	€−1,250	€−660	€2,150	€2,950
Stress case: housing benefits and minimum incomes spread over every resident	€1,330	€1,310	€1,420	€−120	€−1,120	€−1,340	€−700	€2,200	€2,980
The open pay band valued by age group	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−50	€−1,020	€−1,280	€−720	€2,140	€2,940
The closed pay bands at their lower bounds	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−50	€−1,040	€−1,290	€−700	€2,150	€2,940
The closed pay bands at their upper bounds	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−80	€−1,050	€−1,280	€−690	€2,150	€2,940
Employees paid an arbitrary midpoint of the revenu salarial and the full-time-equivalent salary of their age	€1,270	€1,260	€1,320	€60	€−940	€−1,370	€−770	€2,130	€2,940
Employees paid the revenu salarial of their age	€1,270	€1,260	€1,320	€110	€−940	€−1,430	€−780	€2,130	€2,940
Employees paid the full-time-equivalent salary of their age	€1,270	€1,260	€1,300	€−20	€−930	€−1,310	€−750	€2,130	€2,940
Income tax by households' direct taxes by age of the reference person	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−30	€−1,020	€−1,280	€−710	€2,120	€2,910
Income tax in proportion to the CSG yields by age	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−80	€−1,050	€−1,280	€−670	€2,140	€2,930
Wealth per person interpolated within Insee's age bands	€1,270	€1,260	€1,360	€−70	€−1,050	€−1,290	€−690	€2,150	€2,950

The sign of the net balance depends on the scenario for 18–29: it receives more than it pays under Employees paid an arbitrary midpoint of the revenu salarial and the full-time-equivalent salary of their age; Employees paid the revenu salarial of their age, and pays more than it receives under Central; Family benefits to the parents who claim them; Taxes on products by equal consumption per person; Stress case: housing benefits and minimum incomes spread over every resident; The open pay band valued by age group; The closed pay bands at their lower bounds; The closed pay bands at their upper bounds; Employees paid the full-time-equivalent salary of their age; Income tax by households' direct taxes by age of the reference person; Income tax in proportion to the CSG yields by age; Wealth per person interpolated within Insee's age bands. These are scenarios, one convention changed at a time. They do not form a confidence interval.

A synthetic allocation. By person's age: the National Transfer Accounts method (United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual, 2013; for France, d'Albis, Bonnet, Navaux, Pelletan and Wolff, Économie et Statistique, 2017). Each levy and transfer keeps its total for the year, the same as in the other views; it is split between single ages, 0 to 100, in proportion to a published age profile times the population of each age (Eurostat, mean of 1 January of the year and of the next), then grouped. The groups add up to every total exactly; the profiles give only the shape.

Conventions. Family benefits go to the children they are paid for, at the ages each benefit's rules cover; taxes on products follow consumption, shared within households by the NTA equivalence scale (0.4 for a child under 5, rising to 1 at 20), so children bear their part of VAT and pay no other levy; housing benefits and minimum incomes go to the claimant's age; collective services, culture and the running costs of social security are spread equally per person; wealth, wealth taxes and corporate tax go to the ages of the households' reference persons. Earnings, which key contributions and taxes on production, are employees' total annual net pay by single age in Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023, private and public employers, which counts part-year and part-time work once, plus self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. No source gives income tax by age of the declarant, so its profile is an allocation scenario: the CSG yields by age weighted by Insee's ratio of direct taxes to income by age.

In brackets, the lowest and highest figure when one convention changes at a time: family benefits to the parents who claim them; taxes on products by equal consumption per person; a stress case spreading housing benefits and minimum incomes over every resident, recipients or not; the open pay band of the base Tous salariés valued by age group, and its closed bands at their lower or upper bounds; the Enquête emploi's employees by age paid the revenu salarial, the full-time-equivalent salary, or an arbitrary midpoint of the two, of their age, three other scenarios rather than bounds; income tax by households' direct taxes by age of the reference person (ERFS T03 × TRD04), or in proportion to the CSG yields by age; and wealth per person interpolated within Insee's age bands. These alternatives are correlated and do not span the uncertainty: the three income-tax profiles all rest on direct taxes or the CSG, no independent source being found; sharing benefits within the household and ownership of wealth across age bands, by a spouse or an adult child of another age, are untested, since no table gives households' composition by age. The table under the chart gives each group's net balance under every allocation, and says where its sign rests on the allocation.

Every profile at every single age, with the population and the share of the item each age takes, is in nta_allocation.csv: a group's share of an item is the sum of the rows of its profile over the group's ages. The pay of employees by age rests on the histogram of the base Tous salariés in bts_pay_2023.csv: employees of the reduced file by single age, band of total annual net pay and employer, on Insee's weights. The file is a sample of 1/12 that over-represents employees born in an even year, so its sums are counts of the file, not volumes, and single ages alternate: the profile takes ages in pairs and smooths within them. The open band, 50,000 euros and over, is valued at the mean of a Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands: about 78,000 euros for all ages, from about 62,000 euros under 30 to about 96,000 at 60 and over when fitted by age group, a variant in the ranges, as are the closed bands at their bounds.

Item	Profile and source	Year
Taxes on products	Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age · Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”; United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual	2017; convention
Taxes on production	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Corporate tax	Financial and professional wealth by age of the reference person · Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024	start of 2024
CSG	CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital · Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Income tax	CSG yields by age × Insee's ratio of direct taxes to income by age (allocation scenario) · Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Other taxes on income and wealth	CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital · Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Pension contributions	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Other contributions	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Subsidies on products	Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age · Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”; United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual	2017; convention
Subsidies on production	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Pensions	Direct pensions by single age (retirees × average pension), and survivors' pensions by five-year band · DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022	2022
Unemployment benefits	Recipients of unemployment benefits × mean entitlement, by age · France Travail, Allocataires indemnisés, and montant moyen de l'allocation d'assurance chômage, par sexe et âge	December 2023 for 2023, December 2024 for 2024
Other cash benefits	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
	Family benefits by the age of the children they are paid for (NTA convention) · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	RSA and prime d'activité by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	Disability benefits paid by CNAF by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	Reimbursements by public health insurance per person · DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge	2023
Health care	Reimbursements by public health insurance per person · DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge	2023
Education	Enrolment by single age and level, priced at spending per pupil · Eurostat, Pupils and students enrolled by education level, sex and age; Eurostat, Expenditure on educational institutions per pupil and student by education level	2023; 2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
Social care and housing aid	Help to the elderly, the disabled and children by beneficiaries' age, weighted by spending · DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024; DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes âgées; DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes handicapées; DREES, Les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale à l'enfance en 2024; CNAF, Dépenses d'action sociale [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024; December 2023 and December 2024; end of 2023 and end of 2024; end of 2024
	Housing benefits by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view
Culture and leisure	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view
Collective services	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view

Capital income is not shown for this view: no source found gives capital income by each person's age on the concept of Insee's accounts. Insee's wealth survey gives wealth, not income, by age of the reference person, and is not put in its place. The CSG on capital income is drawn: this view already spreads that part of the CSG by gross wealth by age.

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-persons-2023.html, and on the Method page.

Groups of individuals ranked by their household's living standard (Insee).

Who paysWho receives · €bn a year

0–2Who pays€4bnWho receives€36.2bn
3–10Who pays€15.5bnWho receives€112.1bn
11–17Who pays€24.7bnWho receives€127.9bn
18–29Who pays€175.8bnWho receives€168.4bn
30–39Who pays€239.1bnWho receives€130.1bn
40–49Who pays€269.8bnWho receives€133.9bn
50–64Who pays€382.7bnWho receives€268.1bn
65–79Who pays€119.6bnWho receives€406.8bn
80 and overWho pays€42.8bnWho receives€196bn

Show the flow diagramHide the flow diagram

Social contributions
Taxes on products and production
Taxes on income and wealth
Cash benefits
Transfers in kind
Pooled: through companies, general government, subsidies

Show the data as a table

From	To	Amount	Share
0–2	Through companies	€4bn	0.2%
0–2	CSG on earnings and benefits	€0m	0.0%
0–2	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Other taxes on income and wealth	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Pension contributions	€0m	0.0%
0–2	Other contributions	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Through companies	€15.5bn	0.9%
3–10	CSG on earnings and benefits	€0m	0.0%
3–10	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Other taxes on income and wealth	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Pension contributions	€0m	0.0%
3–10	Other contributions	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Through companies	€23.8bn	1.4%
11–17	CSG on earnings and benefits	€176m	0.0%
11–17	CSG on capital income	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Income tax	€0m	0.0%
11–17	Other taxes on income and wealth	€29.1m	0.0%
11–17	Pension contributions	€476m	0.0%
11–17	Other contributions	€310m	0.0%
18–29	Through companies	€69.2bn	4.1%
18–29	CSG on earnings and benefits	€16.9bn	1.0%
18–29	CSG on capital income	€453m	0.0%
18–29	Income tax	€10.8bn	0.6%
18–29	Other taxes on income and wealth	€2.9bn	0.2%
18–29	Pension contributions	€45.7bn	2.7%
18–29	Other contributions	€29.8bn	1.8%
30–39	Through companies	€77.5bn	4.6%
30–39	CSG on earnings and benefits	€25.2bn	1.5%
30–39	CSG on capital income	€1.8bn	0.1%
30–39	Income tax	€17.9bn	1.1%
30–39	Other taxes on income and wealth	€4.5bn	0.3%
30–39	Pension contributions	€68bn	4.0%
30–39	Other contributions	€44.2bn	2.6%
40–49	Through companies	€87.4bn	5.2%
40–49	CSG on earnings and benefits	€28bn	1.7%
40–49	CSG on capital income	€2.9bn	0.2%
40–49	Income tax	€21.7bn	1.3%
40–49	Other taxes on income and wealth	€5.1bn	0.3%
40–49	Pension contributions	€75.6bn	4.5%
40–49	Other contributions	€49.2bn	2.9%
50–64	Through companies	€133.6bn	7.9%
50–64	CSG on earnings and benefits	€39.7bn	2.3%
50–64	CSG on capital income	€6.1bn	0.4%
50–64	Income tax	€35.4bn	2.1%
50–64	Other taxes on income and wealth	€7.5bn	0.4%
50–64	Pension contributions	€97.2bn	5.7%
50–64	Other contributions	€63.2bn	3.7%
65–79	Through companies	€68.7bn	4.1%
65–79	CSG on earnings and benefits	€18.8bn	1.1%
65–79	CSG on capital income	€4.6bn	0.3%
65–79	Income tax	€14.7bn	0.9%
65–79	Other taxes on income and wealth	€3.9bn	0.2%
65–79	Pension contributions	€5.3bn	0.3%
65–79	Other contributions	€3.5bn	0.2%
80 and over	Through companies	€26.1bn	1.5%
80 and over	CSG on earnings and benefits	€7bn	0.4%
80 and over	CSG on capital income	€1.8bn	0.1%
80 and over	Income tax	€5.2bn	0.3%
80 and over	Other taxes on income and wealth	€1.4bn	0.1%
80 and over	Pension contributions	€721m	0.0%
80 and over	Other contributions	€469m	0.0%
Outside France	Through companies	€31.5bn	1.9%
Outside France	General government	€124.9bn	7.4%
Outside France	General government	€3.5bn	0.2%
Outside France	General government	€6.9bn	0.4%
Through companies	Taxes on products	€325.4bn	19.2%
Through companies	Taxes on production	€130.7bn	7.7%
Through companies	Corporate tax	€81.2bn	4.8%
Taxes on products	General government	€325.4bn	19.2%
Taxes on production	General government	€130.7bn	7.7%
Corporate tax	General government	€81.2bn	4.8%
CSG on earnings and benefits	General government	€135.7bn	8.0%
CSG on capital income	General government	€17.7bn	1.0%
Income tax	General government	€105.8bn	6.2%
Other taxes on income and wealth	General government	€25.3bn	1.5%
Pension contributions	General government	€293bn	17.3%
Other contributions	General government	€190.6bn	11.3%
Lenders in France	General government	€64.4bn	3.8%
Other revenue	General government	€166.9bn	9.9%
Inheritance and gift duties	General government	€20.8bn	1.2%
General government	Subsidies on products	€44.6bn	2.6%
General government	Subsidies on production	€53.4bn	3.2%
General government	Pensions	€389.8bn	23.0%
General government	Unemployment benefits	€45.2bn	2.7%
General government	Other cash benefits	€144.7bn	8.5%
General government	Health care	€261.2bn	15.4%
General government	Education	€148.6bn	8.8%
General government	Social care and housing aid	€113.4bn	6.7%
General government	Culture and leisure	€43.1bn	2.5%
General government	Collective services	€335.7bn	19.8%
General government	Banque de France	€11.9bn	0.7%
General government	Lenders in France	€16.4bn	1.0%
General government	Repaid to the Banque de France	€20.3bn	1.2%
General government	Unclassified spending	€914m	0.1%
Subsidies on products	Through companies	€44.6bn	2.6%
Subsidies on production	Through companies	€53.4bn	3.2%
Through companies	0–2	€570m	0.0%
Pensions	0–2	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	0–2	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	0–2	€9.2bn	0.5%
Health care	0–2	€2.7bn	0.2%
Education	0–2	€508m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	0–2	€12.4bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	0–2	€1.2bn	0.1%
Collective services	0–2	€9.6bn	0.6%
Through companies	3–10	€2.2bn	0.1%
Pensions	3–10	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	3–10	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	3–10	€12.1bn	0.7%
Health care	3–10	€8.5bn	0.5%
Education	3–10	€45.9bn	2.7%
Social care and housing aid	3–10	€9.5bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	3–10	€3.8bn	0.2%
Collective services	3–10	€29.9bn	1.8%
Through companies	11–17	€3.5bn	0.2%
Pensions	11–17	€0m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	11–17	€132m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	11–17	€10.4bn	0.6%
Health care	11–17	€7.8bn	0.5%
Education	11–17	€57.7bn	3.4%
Social care and housing aid	11–17	€15.3bn	0.9%
Culture and leisure	11–17	€3.8bn	0.2%
Collective services	11–17	€29.4bn	1.7%
Through companies	18–29	€15.1bn	0.9%
Pensions	18–29	€341m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	18–29	€8.9bn	0.5%
Other cash benefits	18–29	€20.4bn	1.2%
Health care	18–29	€15.3bn	0.9%
Education	18–29	€41.4bn	2.4%
Social care and housing aid	18–29	€14.6bn	0.9%
Culture and leisure	18–29	€6bn	0.4%
Collective services	18–29	€46.4bn	2.7%
Through companies	30–39	€18.5bn	1.1%
Pensions	30–39	€301m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	30–39	€11.8bn	0.7%
Other cash benefits	30–39	€23.7bn	1.4%
Health care	30–39	€18.2bn	1.1%
Education	30–39	€1.9bn	0.1%
Social care and housing aid	30–39	€9.4bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	30–39	€5.3bn	0.3%
Collective services	30–39	€41bn	2.4%
Through companies	40–49	€20bn	1.2%
Pensions	40–49	€307m	0.0%
Unemployment benefits	40–49	€9.9bn	0.6%
Other cash benefits	40–49	€24.5bn	1.4%
Health care	40–49	€21.4bn	1.3%
Education	40–49	€880m	0.1%
Social care and housing aid	40–49	€9.8bn	0.6%
Culture and leisure	40–49	€5.4bn	0.3%
Collective services	40–49	€41.7bn	2.5%
Through companies	50–64	€27.3bn	1.6%
Pensions	50–64	€53.8bn	3.2%
Unemployment benefits	50–64	€12.8bn	0.8%
Other cash benefits	50–64	€32.7bn	1.9%
Health care	50–64	€54.5bn	3.2%
Education	50–64	€352m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	50–64	€13.6bn	0.8%
Culture and leisure	50–64	€8.3bn	0.5%
Collective services	50–64	€64.8bn	3.8%
Through companies	65–79	€8bn	0.5%
Pensions	65–79	€239.8bn	14.2%
Unemployment benefits	65–79	€1.7bn	0.1%
Other cash benefits	65–79	€7.3bn	0.4%
Health care	65–79	€78.8bn	4.7%
Education	65–79	€32.3m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	65–79	€12.3bn	0.7%
Culture and leisure	65–79	€6.7bn	0.4%
Collective services	65–79	€52.2bn	3.1%
Through companies	80 and over	€2.9bn	0.2%
Pensions	80 and over	€95.2bn	5.6%
Unemployment benefits	80 and over	€0m	0.0%
Other cash benefits	80 and over	€4.3bn	0.3%
Health care	80 and over	€53.8bn	3.2%
Education	80 and over	€12.7m	0.0%
Social care and housing aid	80 and over	€16.5bn	1.0%
Culture and leisure	80 and over	€2.6bn	0.2%
Collective services	80 and over	€20.6bn	1.2%
General government	Outside France	€30.6bn	1.8%
General government	Outside France	€22.3bn	1.3%
General government	Outside France	€10.3bn	0.6%
General government	Outside France	€760m	0.0%

Show the ages and population

Group	Age	People	Pays a month, each	Receives a month, each
0–2	0–2	2.0 million	€170 (€170–€380)	€1,530 (€1,150–€1,590)
3–10	3–10	6.1 million	€210 (€210–€380)	€1,530 (€1,370–€1,580)
11–17	11–17	6.0 million	€340 (€340–€420)	€1,770 (€1,640–€1,830)
18–29	18–29	9.5 million	€1,540 (€1,330–€1,550)	€1,480 (€1,430–€1,480)
30–39	30–39	8.4 million	€2,370 (€2,230–€2,380)	€1,290 (€1,220–€1,430)
40–49	40–49	8.6 million	€2,630 (€2,580–€2,790)	€1,300 (€1,260–€1,420)
50–64	50–64	13.3 million	€2,400 (€2,360–€2,500)	€1,680 (€1,670–€1,700)
65–79	65–79	10.7 million	€930 (€930–€960)	€3,170 (€3,170–€3,220)
80 and over	80 and over	4.2 million	€850 (€840–€880)	€3,880 (€3,880–€3,920)

Net balance under each allocation: what each group receives less what it pays, a month per person, one convention changed at a time.

Allocation, 2024	0–2	3–10	11–17	18–29	30–39	40–49	50–64	65–79	80 and over
Central	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−60	€−1,080	€−1,330	€−720	€2,240	€3,030
Family benefits to the parents who claim them	€980	€1,160	€1,300	€−60	€−940	€−1,210	€−700	€2,240	€3,030
Taxes on products by equal consumption per person	€1,180	€1,170	€1,390	€−30	€−1,050	€−1,280	€−680	€2,240	€3,040
Stress case: housing benefits and minimum incomes spread over every resident	€1,420	€1,370	€1,490	€−110	€−1,150	€−1,370	€−730	€2,290	€3,070
The open pay band valued by age group	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−60	€−1,050	€−1,320	€−740	€2,230	€3,030
The closed pay bands at their lower bounds	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−50	€−1,080	€−1,330	€−730	€2,240	€3,030
The closed pay bands at their upper bounds	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−70	€−1,080	€−1,320	€−710	€2,240	€3,030
Employees paid an arbitrary midpoint of the revenu salarial and the full-time-equivalent salary of their age	€1,360	€1,320	€1,380	€60	€−960	€−1,410	€−790	€2,220	€3,040
Employees paid the revenu salarial of their age	€1,360	€1,320	€1,400	€120	€−960	€−1,470	€−810	€2,220	€3,040
Employees paid the full-time-equivalent salary of their age	€1,360	€1,320	€1,360	€−20	€−960	€−1,340	€−780	€2,220	€3,040
Income tax by households' direct taxes by age of the reference person	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−20	€−1,050	€−1,320	€−740	€2,210	€3,000
Income tax in proportion to the CSG yields by age	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−70	€−1,090	€−1,320	€−700	€2,230	€3,020
Wealth per person interpolated within Insee's age bands	€1,360	€1,320	€1,430	€−60	€−1,080	€−1,330	€−720	€2,240	€3,040

Item	Profile and source	Year
Taxes on products	Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age · Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”; United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual	2017; convention
Taxes on production	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Corporate tax	Financial and professional wealth by age of the reference person · Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024	start of 2024
CSG	CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital · Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Income tax	CSG yields by age × Insee's ratio of direct taxes to income by age (allocation scenario) · Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Other taxes on income and wealth	CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital · Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025; DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022; Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2022; 2023; 2023 and 2024; start of 2024
Pension contributions	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Other contributions	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Subsidies on products	Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age · Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”; United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual	2017; convention
Subsidies on production	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
Pensions	Direct pensions by single age (retirees × average pension), and survivors' pensions by five-year band · DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022	2022
Unemployment benefits	Recipients of unemployment benefits × mean entitlement, by age · France Travail, Allocataires indemnisés, and montant moyen de l'allocation d'assurance chômage, par sexe et âge	December 2023 for 2023, December 2024 for 2024
Other cash benefits	Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person · Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail; Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024; Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023; Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04	2023; start of 2024
	Family benefits by the age of the children they are paid for (NTA convention) · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	RSA and prime d'activité by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	Disability benefits paid by CNAF by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	Reimbursements by public health insurance per person · DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge	2023
Health care	Reimbursements by public health insurance per person · DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge	2023
Education	Enrolment by single age and level, priced at spending per pupil · Eurostat, Pupils and students enrolled by education level, sex and age; Eurostat, Expenditure on educational institutions per pupil and student by education level	2023; 2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
Social care and housing aid	Help to the elderly, the disabled and children by beneficiaries' age, weighted by spending · DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024; DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes âgées; DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes handicapées; DREES, Les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale à l'enfance en 2024; CNAF, Dépenses d'action sociale [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024; December 2023 and December 2024; end of 2023 and end of 2024; end of 2024
	Housing benefits by age of the claimant · CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]	2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024
	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view
Culture and leisure	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view
Collective services	The same amount per person at every age · Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex	the year of the view

The evidence of every figure of this view and year, source and calculation, is also listed on one page: evidence/money-persons-2024.html, and on the Method page.

Estimated, on one perimeter for both years. Insee publishes distributional accounts for 2023 only, on its own perimeter, which also counts firms' collective pension and health schemes. So that 2023 and 2024 compare, both are put on the perimeter of general government (Eurostat S13): each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total for its category in the year, split between the items of the category as Insee splits them in 2023, and each group keeps its 2023 share of every item. The bridge below gives, for the year, each category's Eurostat total and the sum of Insee's 2023 items in it; their ratio is the scaling. A difference between the two years reflects growth in Eurostat's totals. No one publishes a change between groups for 2024.

Eurostat category	Eurostat total	Insee's 2023 items	Insee items it scales
ESA D2, taxes on production and imports	€446.9bn	€446.6bn	Taxes on products, Taxes on production
ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth	€357.2bn	€351.2bn	Corporate tax, CSG, Income tax, Other taxes on income and wealth
ESA D61, social contributions	€462.8bn	€542.9bn	Pension contributions, Other contributions
COFOG 10, social protection	€657.9bn	€707.5bn	Pensions, Unemployment benefits, Other cash benefits, Social care and housing aid
COFOG 07, health	€249.7bn	€209.4bn	Health care
COFOG 09, education	€141.6bn	€128.1bn	Education
COFOG 08, recreation, culture and religion	€41.4bn	€52.6bn	Culture and leisure
COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06	€430bn	€309.3bn	Subsidies on products, Subsidies on production, Collective services

Eurostat's totals are wider than Insee's. Public revenue also counts capital taxes, sales, fees and property income, and spending counts debt interest; Insee attributes none of them, so they are drawn as other revenue (€156.3bn), inheritance and gift duties apart (€20.8bn), and as spending no group receives. COFOG, the UN classification of government spending by purpose, also counts spending gross of the fees that pay for part of it. Borrowing is the year's deficit (€151.9bn).

Taxes on capital are drawn apart where a source allows: corporate tax, which Insee attributes to shareholders; the CSG on capital income, carved out of each group's CSG, which Insee does not split by base: the year's CSG times capital income's share of its yield (11.3%, CCSS), a rescaled estimate rather than the CCSS's own yield, since the year's CSG is on the perimeter of the other levies. It is shared by an allocation scenario: the group's net financial income for the CSG on investment income and its rents, actual and imputed, for the CSG on property income, though imputed rents pay no CSG and capital gains are in no row; the alternatives share all of it by net financial income or by all capital income. By person's age it is shared by gross wealth. Inheritance and gift duties come from no group, since no source says who pays them by living standard or age. The property wealth tax (IFI) and the property tax (taxe foncière) stay inside Insee's rows, which join them with other taxes: no published key spreads them between groups.

Outside France is a layer on Insee's allocation, which attributes every levy and subsidy to residents; each key is a ratio, so every amount it moves is an estimate. Corporate tax: the share of French companies' listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world in the financial accounts (20%). Shares French companies hold in one another dilute it; for the listed companies of the CAC 40 the Banque de France finds non-residents hold 49.5%, which would put €39.3bn of corporate tax outside France: the two bound the true share. Taxes on products: visitors' share of household consumption on the territory (4.4%). Each is taken out of every group in proportion. Taxes on production and subsidies stay as Insee allocates them: no published key says who outside France bears a payroll or property tax, or gains from a subsidised fare.

Transfers between general government and the rest of the world are drawn gross, from Eurostat's government accounts, and taken out of the collective spending and other revenue they sit in. To Outside France: the EU contribution (€23.9bn), international cooperation (€10.8bn) and capital transfers (€373m); received from the EU: cooperation (€3bn) and capital transfers, the recovery plan's grants (€9.2bn). EU farm payments go to farmers directly, not through French general government, and customs duties collected for the EU count as EU revenue, so neither is here.

Borrowing is split by who took up public debt in the year: each holder's change in holdings at face value over all holders' (Eurostat, debt by holder), applied to the deficit. Lenders outside France took up 104.2%, other lenders in France 0.4%, and the Banque de France −4.6%: a negative share is debt it let mature, which the State repaid with new borrowing, drawn from general government to it. The Eurosystem stopped reinvesting its asset purchase programme's maturing bonds in July 2023 and its pandemic programme's at the end of 2024 (ECB). Eurostat does not publish debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation.

Debt interest is split by average holdings over the year: outside France 49.9%, the Banque de France 21.9%, other lenders in France 28.2%. Eurostat does not publish interest by holder, and holders of older, low-coupon bonds, the Banque de France first, receive less than their share of the stock. Interest stops at the lender: Insee already counts what reaches households through insurers and funds in their primary income.

The Banque de France paid the State nothing for this year (€0m). The interest it pays on reserves exceeds what the bonds it bought yield, so nothing returned to the State. From 2015 to 2022 it paid €16.3bn of corporate tax and €15.5bn of dividends.

Eurostat category	Eurostat total	Insee's 2023 items	Insee items it scales
ESA D2, taxes on production and imports	€456.1bn	€446.6bn	Taxes on products, Taxes on production
ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth	€365.7bn	€351.2bn	Corporate tax, CSG, Income tax, Other taxes on income and wealth
ESA D61, social contributions	€483.6bn	€542.9bn	Pension contributions, Other contributions
COFOG 10, social protection	€693bn	€707.5bn	Pensions, Unemployment benefits, Other cash benefits, Social care and housing aid
COFOG 07, health	€261.2bn	€209.4bn	Health care
COFOG 09, education	€148.6bn	€128.1bn	Education
COFOG 08, recreation, culture and religion	€43.1bn	€52.6bn	Culture and leisure
COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06	€433.7bn	€309.3bn	Subsidies on products, Subsidies on production, Collective services

Eurostat's totals are wider than Insee's. Public revenue also counts capital taxes, sales, fees and property income, and spending counts debt interest; Insee attributes none of them, so they are drawn as other revenue (€166.9bn), inheritance and gift duties apart (€20.8bn), and as spending no group receives. COFOG, the UN classification of government spending by purpose, also counts spending gross of the fees that pay for part of it. Borrowing is the year's deficit (€169.1bn).

Taxes on capital are drawn apart where a source allows: corporate tax, which Insee attributes to shareholders; the CSG on capital income, carved out of each group's CSG, which Insee does not split by base: the year's CSG times capital income's share of its yield (11.5%, CCSS), a rescaled estimate rather than the CCSS's own yield, since the year's CSG is on the perimeter of the other levies. It is shared by an allocation scenario: the group's net financial income for the CSG on investment income and its rents, actual and imputed, for the CSG on property income, though imputed rents pay no CSG and capital gains are in no row; the alternatives share all of it by net financial income or by all capital income. By person's age it is shared by gross wealth. Inheritance and gift duties come from no group, since no source says who pays them by living standard or age. The property wealth tax (IFI) and the property tax (taxe foncière) stay inside Insee's rows, which join them with other taxes: no published key spreads them between groups.

Outside France is a layer on Insee's allocation, which attributes every levy and subsidy to residents; each key is a ratio, so every amount it moves is an estimate. Corporate tax: the share of French companies' listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world in the financial accounts (20.2%). Shares French companies hold in one another dilute it; for the listed companies of the CAC 40 the Banque de France finds non-residents hold 50%, which would put €40.6bn of corporate tax outside France: the two bound the true share. Taxes on products: visitors' share of household consumption on the territory (4.6%). Each is taken out of every group in proportion. Taxes on production and subsidies stay as Insee allocates them: no published key says who outside France bears a payroll or property tax, or gains from a subsidised fare.

Transfers between general government and the rest of the world are drawn gross, from Eurostat's government accounts, and taken out of the collective spending and other revenue they sit in. To Outside France: the EU contribution (€22.3bn), international cooperation (€10.3bn) and capital transfers (€760m); received from the EU: cooperation (€3.5bn) and capital transfers, the recovery plan's grants (€6.9bn). EU farm payments go to farmers directly, not through French general government, and customs duties collected for the EU count as EU revenue, so neither is here.

Borrowing is split by who took up public debt in the year: each holder's change in holdings at face value over all holders' (Eurostat, debt by holder), applied to the deficit. Lenders outside France took up 73.9%, other lenders in France 38.1%, and the Banque de France −12%: a negative share is debt it let mature, which the State repaid with new borrowing, drawn from general government to it. The Eurosystem stopped reinvesting its asset purchase programme's maturing bonds in July 2023 and its pandemic programme's at the end of 2024 (ECB). Eurostat does not publish debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation.

Debt interest is split by average holdings over the year: outside France 51.9%, the Banque de France 20.2%, other lenders in France 27.8%. Eurostat does not publish interest by holder, and holders of older, low-coupon bonds, the Banque de France first, receive less than their share of the stock. Interest stops at the lender: Insee already counts what reaches households through insurers and funds in their primary income.

Compared

France beside Germany, the UK and the US

Public spending is of GDP in France, against in Germany, in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Social protection, mostly pensions, makes up most of the difference.

FranceFR
GermanyDE
United KingdomUK
United StatesUS

Social protection

Old age

Health

Education

Economic affairs

Debt interest

Running the State

Defence

Public order

Housing, environment, culture

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	France	Germany	United Kingdom	United States
Social protection
Old age
Health
Education
Economic affairs
Debt interest
Running the State
Defence
Public order
Housing, environment, culture

The same flows, country by country

France

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In % of GDP, as published.

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From	To	Share
Social contributions	Public spending	28.9%
Taxes on production	Public spending	27.2%
Taxes on income and wealth	Public spending	21.9%
Capital taxes	Public spending	1.2%
Sales and other revenue	Public spending	10.5%
Borrowing	Public spending	10.2%
Public spending	Social protection	41.6%
Public spending	Health	15.6%
Public spending	General services	10.9%
Public spending	Economic affairs	10.0%
Public spending	Education	8.9%
Public spending	Housing, environment, culture	6.8%
Public spending	Defence	3.3%
Public spending	Public order	3.2%
Social protection	Old age	23.5%
Social protection	Survivors	2.5%
Social protection	Sickness and disability	5.1%
Social protection	Family	4.0%
Social protection	Unemployment	3.0%
Social protection	Other social protection	3.5%
General services	Debt interest	3.5%
General services	Running the State	7.4%

Germany

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Shares use the GDP the government accounts were built on, before Eurostat's revision of 2 October 2026.

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From	To	Share
Social contributions	Public spending	35.4%
Taxes on production	Public spending	20.7%
Taxes on income and wealth	Public spending	25.8%
Capital taxes	Public spending	0.5%
Sales and other revenue	Public spending	12.2%
Borrowing	Public spending	5.4%
Public spending	Social protection	41.3%
Public spending	Health	15.4%
Public spending	General services	13.0%
Public spending	Economic affairs	11.0%
Public spending	Education	9.1%
Public spending	Housing, environment, culture	4.3%
Public spending	Defence	2.7%
Public spending	Public order	3.3%
Social protection	Old age	20.0%
Social protection	Survivors	3.8%
Social protection	Sickness and disability	6.7%
Social protection	Family	3.9%
Social protection	Unemployment	3.4%
Social protection	Other social protection	3.5%
General services	Debt interest	2.3%
General services	Running the State	10.7%

United Kingdom

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OECD tables 11 and 12 carry different vintages of UK data: functions add up to 0.5% less than total spending. Most working-age support is classified as social exclusion, not unemployment.

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From	To	Share
Social contributions	Public spending	17.2%
Taxes on production	Public spending	25.7%
Taxes on income and wealth	Public spending	35.3%
Capital taxes	Public spending	0.6%
Sales and other revenue	Public spending	8.1%
Borrowing	Public spending	13.1%
Public spending	Social protection	34.3%
Public spending	Health	18.9%
Public spending	General services	13.0%
Public spending	Economic affairs	8.6%
Public spending	Education	10.6%
Public spending	Housing, environment, culture	4.6%
Public spending	Defence	4.9%
Public spending	Public order	4.7%
Social protection	Old age	18.4%
Social protection	Survivors	0.1%
Social protection	Sickness and disability	5.5%
Social protection	Family	2.9%
Social protection	Unemployment	0.1%
Social protection	Other social protection	7.3%
General services	Debt interest	6.2%
General services	Running the State	6.8%

United States

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Federal, state and local government. The OECD publishes only top-level functions; the social-protection split comes from BEA table 3.16. Debt interest includes interest on unfunded public-employee pensions, which European accounts do not record. Medicare and Medicaid count as health. Environmental protection has no separate line.

Show the data as a table

From	To	Share
Social contributions	Public spending	16.6%
Taxes on production	Public spending	16.9%
Taxes on income and wealth	Public spending	31.8%
Capital taxes	Public spending	0.4%
Sales and other revenue	Public spending	14.0%
Borrowing	Public spending	20.3%
Public spending	Social protection	19.7%
Public spending	Health	26.0%
Public spending	General services	17.3%
Public spending	Economic affairs	8.4%
Public spending	Education	14.1%
Public spending	Housing, environment, culture	2.0%
Public spending	Defence	7.9%
Public spending	Public order	4.5%
Social protection	Old age	11.5%
Social protection	Sickness and disability	3.2%
Social protection	Unemployment	0.3%
Social protection	Other social protection	4.7%
General services	Debt interest	11.9%
General services	Running the State	5.4%

France and Germany from Eurostat; the United Kingdom and the United States from the OECD's national-accounts tables, which follow the same international standards: the UN System of National Accounts (SNA 2008) and COFOG, its classification of government spending by purpose. Each share is the one its source publishes, so the totals of two releases can differ by a few tenths of a point.