How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Tax households above P99, 2016
378,300Observed2016
Definition
- What it counts
- The number of tax households above the threshold.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, p. 3
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
P99: 378300 foyers
- As published
- 378,300
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
V17, Extended primary income, Insee
€146bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column S (V17)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €146.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€30Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €30, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €30, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €30, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €30, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €30, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, Net financial income €8.3bn
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million
- Result
- €30
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, received a month per person
€1,860Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,860, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,860, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,860, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,860, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,860, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, transfers received €507.9bn
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million
- Result
- €1,860
Why believe this?
Subsidies on products
€44.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Result
- €44.2 billion
Why believe this?
General public services
€174.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF01time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V16: 2.5; row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production
€642mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits
€162mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Health care
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Education
€9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
- As published
- €9.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid
€57.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 42, V15: 2.5; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9; row 45, V15: 0.9
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Taxes on production
€128bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €128.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Corporate tax
€57.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €57.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Shares issued by financial corporations
€1,271bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S12finpos=LIABna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,270,742.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023
11.3%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Net financial income
€8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
- As published
- €8.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Income tax
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V16: -4.8; row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
- As published
- €9.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €8.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions
€35.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €35.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95
€9.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €9.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€160Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €160, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.7bn
- Bottom 33–49%, people 10.7 million
- Result
- €160
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€43.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services
€40.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production
€5.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Living standard at P79.7, constant 2024 euros
€38,031Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€80Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €80, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €80, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €80, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €80, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €80, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, Profits kept in companies €4.6bn
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million
- Result
- €80
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions
€29.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, paid a month per person
€2,700Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €2,700, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,700, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,700, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,700, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,700, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 7.9–13%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 7.9–13%, levies paid €121.9bn
- Top 7.9–13%, people 3.8 million
- Result
- €2,700
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€22.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros, a month
€4,420Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros €53,088
- Result
- €4,420
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€360Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income €13bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million
- Result
- €360
Why believe this?
V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee
€21.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €21.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits
€5.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, received a month per person
€2,030Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received €72.4bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million
- Result
- €2,030
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95
€974mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V19: 1.7
- As published
- €1.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€79.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
- As published
- €79.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€306mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0364), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €3.8bn
- V19, Famille, Insee €400m
- V19, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m
- V19, Invalidité, Insee €800m
- V19, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €6.1bn
- V20, Famille, Insee €300m
- V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m
- V20, Invalidité, Insee €600m
- V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care
€6.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V19: 5.1
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€96.3mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0357), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn
- V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m
- V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn
- V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m
- V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€133mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Collective services
€83.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9; row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4; row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4; row 46, V7: 12.2
- As published
- €83.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €8.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€26.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0353), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€769mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0346), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0667), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
WID pre-tax income share above P99.99
2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of pre-tax national income going to the adults above this percentile, adults ranked by their own pre-tax income, income split equally between spouses.
Source
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID_data_FR.csv, wid_all_data.zip (last modified 9 September 2026)
- Where
- variable sptincj992, percentile p99.99p100, year 2023; extract raw/wid_FR_top_shares.csv
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 2.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions
€53.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V10: 20.1; row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4; row 31, V13: 20.9
- As published
- €53.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3; row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V16: 2.6; row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
- As published
- €3.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services
€28.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V10: 11.6; row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8; row 46, V13: 11.6
- As published
- €28.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services
€745mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, paid a month per person
€5,620Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid €120bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million
- Result
- €5,620
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€9.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€12.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions
€16bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits
€140mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits
€575mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€134mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services
€1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on products €73.4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products €43.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €39.5bn
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €34.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €31.4bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €27.8bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €23.2bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €13.9bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.7bn
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €10.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed
€17.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €17.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.1bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.7bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €737m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €736m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €734m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €728m
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €710m
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€4.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€22.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€850Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.7bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €3.9bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €452m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.2bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €755m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.1bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.2bn
- Result
- €23.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income
€452mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €657m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €580m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€87.1mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€291mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure
€77.1mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 2% of income
100Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 2%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- Result
- 100
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€776mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, transfers received
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care + Top 0.04–0.2%, Education + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products €274m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €884m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €776m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits €53.6m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €179m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €216m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Education €134m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €57.3m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €47.4m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €366m
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€637mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pensions
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V16: 24.7; row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€93.1mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95
€798mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Collective services
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V16: 11.7; row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€43.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
- As published
- €43.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€11.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €11.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€752mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€15,400Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€15,900Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €15,900, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €15,400, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €25,590, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €78,020, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €15,900, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, people
27,208Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€215,850Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €7.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€74.9mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, transfers received
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Education + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €70m
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €506m
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €457m
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €12.2m
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €134m
- Top 0.04%, Health care €72.3m
- Top 0.04%, Education €51.9m
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €17.9m
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €16.5m
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €105m
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, received a month per person
€5,520Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €5,520, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €5,400, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €7,690, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €4,420, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €5,520, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€4.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Outside France, Taxes on products
€14bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from abroad
104.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100- From
- Result
- 104.2%
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, levies through companies
€42.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.