How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016
42%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax (wealth tax, income tax, social levies, social contributions, corporate tax of the companies they control, a provision for gift tax) as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 42.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.99–99.999, 2016
10%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 10.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V2, Extended primary income, Insee
€16.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column D (V2)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €16.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home
€430bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Result
- €430,024.7 million
Why believe this?
Capital transfers to the rest of the world
€373mObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D9PAY_S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €373.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products
€9.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4; row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4; row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5; row 19, V7: 1.6
- As published
- €9.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€200mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2; row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95
€17.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €17.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits
€6.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V18: 3.2; row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V18: 1.1; row 37, V19: 1.2
- As published
- €6.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€313mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Health care
€249.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Health care
€78.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4; row 40, V3: 14.1; row 40, V4: 14.1; row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2; row 40, V7: 13.8
- As published
- €78.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Health care
€209.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Health care + Bottom 33–49%, Health care + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care + Top 29–39%, Health care + Top 20–29%, Health care + Top 13–20%, Health care + Top 7.9–13%, Health care + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care + Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care + Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care + Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Health care- From
- Bottom 33%, Health care €78.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Health care €35.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €26.1bn
- Top 29–39%, Health care €20.9bn
- Top 20–29%, Health care €13bn
- Top 13–20%, Health care €12.6bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Health care €9.8bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €6.9bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care €4.1bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €512m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €404m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €294m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €181m
- Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m
- Result
- €209.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€62.8mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Education
€53bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9; row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5; row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2; row 41, V7: 6.3
- As published
- €53.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€42.2mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€61.8mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€169mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95
€7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V19: 12.3
- As published
- €7.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Corporate tax
€78bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €78.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
€9.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Shares held by the rest of the world
€2,471bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S2finpos=ASSna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €2,470,873.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1; row 23, V15: -8.9
- As published
- €16.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income
€16.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €16.611bn in 2023; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€149.8bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.26%), which gives €16.9bn.
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income, 2023
€16.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €16,611.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income
€19.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Income tax
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2; row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2; row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2; row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4; row 25, V7: -0.5
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€29.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions
€542.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9; row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V16: -9.8; row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V16: -2.5; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €24.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P33.3, constant 2024 euros, a month
€1,800Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P33.3, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at P33.3, constant 2024 euros €21,561
- Result
- €1,800
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products
€6.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people
8.5 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits
€11bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€4.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other contributions
€19.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 40% of income
86.6Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 40%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- Result
- 87
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Health care
€15bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, levies paid
€121.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions- From
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €26.6bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.4bn
- Top 13–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.1bn
- Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income €1.5bn
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €10bn
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €30.6bn
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €20.6bn
- Result
- €121.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €1.4bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.3bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, share of the CSG on capital income
9.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 9.5%
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2422), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.44: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €14.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €21.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee
€90.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €90.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6; row 19, V15: 1.7
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products
€158mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0659), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V18: 3.3; row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Unemployment benefits
€45.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €18.3bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits €7.3bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn
- Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn
- Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits €2.6bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits €1.3bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €150m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €113m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits €77.9m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits €44m
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €13.1m
- Result
- €45.8 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee
€200mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 35 “Exclusion sociale”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €0.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits €21bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.9bn
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €5.8bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.2bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €618m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €527m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €425m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €306m
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €144m
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €21.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Health care
€20.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8; row 40, V15: 7.8
- As published
- €20.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0507), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Health care, Insee €8bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Education
€11bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3; row 41, V15: 5.7
- As published
- €11.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Education
€280mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0528), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
- As published
- €5.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V19: 2.6
- As published
- €1.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Culture and leisure
€52bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €17.3bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure €8.1bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €6.4bn
- Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
- Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure €3.6bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure €2.9bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €169m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €59.6m
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m
- Result
- €52.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €7.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€6.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG
€15.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V16: -9.8; row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
- As published
- €15.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Net financial income
€8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
- As published
- €8.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€19.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0565), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4713), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0353), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€22.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
- As published
- €22.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€10.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4755), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0800), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0725), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €2.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V18: 9.6; row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€738mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0839), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee
€32.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €32.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0378), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Shape of the top 5%'s tail
0.5Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalized Pareto shape: the coefficient tends to 1 ÷ (1 − shape) at the very top; a strict Pareto tail has shape 1 − 1 ÷ b.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95; then the coefficient b held at its P95 value up to the top, a strict Pareto tail- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- Result
- 0
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies
€37.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €37.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€212mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions
€31.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V18: 27.9; row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €31.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Unemployment benefits
€45.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €18.3bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits €7.3bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn
- Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn
- Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits €2.6bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.4bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits €1.3bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €162m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €128m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits €93.1m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits €57.3m
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €19.9m
- Result
- €45.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V16: 1.6; row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95
€739mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits €21bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.9bn
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €6.2bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.4bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €544m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €430m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €313m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €192m
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €66.8m
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V19: 1.2
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care
€4.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care
€181mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€121mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€21.5mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Culture and leisure
€52bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €17.3bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure €8.1bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €6.4bn
- Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
- Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure €3.6bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure €2.9bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €169m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €59.6m
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m
- Result
- €52.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6; row 43, V9: 2.6; row 43, V10: 2.6
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Collective services
€13.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V18: 12; row 46, V19: 12.3
- As published
- €13.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production
€4.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,960Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €7.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received
€6.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Education + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products €251m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €875m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.4bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €140m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €575m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €607m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Education €387m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €159m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €134m
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €1bn
- Result
- €6.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €7.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG
€15.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V16: -9.8; row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
- As published
- €15.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95
€4.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9; row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€17.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€30bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€22.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
- As published
- €22.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,950Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€3,590Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €3,590, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,600, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,290, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,090, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,590, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, received a month per person
€2,590Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits
€120mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€106mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care
€346mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, paid a month per person
€15,120Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, levies paid
€18.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.1bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.4bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €1.6bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on earnings and benefits €1.7bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income €450m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.7bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €844m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €3bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €2.6bn
- Result
- €18.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income
€450mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €654m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €578m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€903mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0422), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.44: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €14.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €21.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services
€366mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V10: 1.5; row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6; row 19, V13: 1.6
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits
€53.6mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€179mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
- As published
- €9.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care
€26.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V10: 9.7; row 40, V11: 10.5; row 40, V12: 10.7; row 40, V13: 10.8
- As published
- €26.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education
€14.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V10: 6.3; row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7; row 41, V13: 5.6
- As published
- €14.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid
€17.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
- As published
- €17.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure
€47.4mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services
€589mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€8.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
- As published
- €18.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€778mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax
€5.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,450Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€445mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits
€12.2mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€134mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€16.5mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€36.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)
€9.2bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D9REC_S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €9,245.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held in France, end 2023
€1,515bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,514,617.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public revenue
€1,456bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Total revenue of general government. General government (S13): the State, local authorities and the social security funds, consolidated so that transfers between them cancel out.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TRtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,456,350.5 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies through companies
€8.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.