How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

4 parts: 1 2 3 4

Why believe this?

Net lending

€−169.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Revenue minus expenditure of general government.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=B9 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €−169,118.1 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Social contributions

€483.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D61REC time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €483,631.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €128.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€78bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €78.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Income tax

€101.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €101.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

€542.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions + Other contributions

From

Pension contributions €328.9bn
Other contributions €214bn

Result

€542.9 billion

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€328.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €328.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Other contributions

€214bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, Ensemble: -142.8; row 27, Ensemble: -33.2; row 28, Ensemble: -38
As published: €214.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Recreation, culture and religion

€43.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF08 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €43,067.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€38.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €38.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Economic affairs

€166.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF04 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €166,072.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Dividends paid by the Banque de France, 2015 to 2022

€15.5bnObserved2022

Definition

What it counts: Dividends the Banque de France paid the State over 2015 to 2022.

Source

Source: Banque de France, Banque de France
Where: Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025, citing the Rapport annuel 2024, p. 117; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
Published: March 2025
It says: From 2015 to 2022 the Bank paid the State €16.3bn of corporate tax and €15.5bn of dividends.
As published: €15.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Paid to the State by the Banque de France

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for the year.

Source

Source: Banque de France, Banque de France
Where: Communication sur les comptes et le rapport d'activité 2024; raw/bdf_comptes_2024.html
Published: 2025
It says: 2024: net result −€7.7bn after a €10.1bn release from the general risk fund, carried forward; nothing paid to the State.
As published: €0.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Public debt held in France, end 2023

€1,515bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,514,617.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024

€636.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S121 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €636,628.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024

€1,738bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,738,485.7 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Household consumption on the territory

€1,544bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P31_S14_DC time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,543,501.9 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Outside France, Corporate tax, at the CAC 40 share

€40.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate tax borne outside France if every French company were held abroad as much as the CAC 40's are: the upper end of the range.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Share of CAC 40 companies held outside France ÷ 100

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Share of CAC 40 companies held outside France 50%

Result

€40.6 billion

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€81.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Corporate tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €365.7bn
Corporate tax €78bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€81.2 billion

Why believe this?

Share of CAC 40 companies held outside France

50%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Shares of the French companies of the CAC 40 held by non-residents, at market value, as a share of their market capitalisation, at the end of the year.
Caveat: Listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies only.

Source

Source: Banque de France, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents a augmenté très légèrement en 2024, Bulletin de la Banque de France 261/3
Where: p. 1; raw/bdf_bulletin_261-3_cac40.pdf
Published: December 2025
It says: Fin 2024, les non-résidents détenaient 1 083 milliards d'euros d'actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40, sur une capitalisation boursière totale de 2 165 milliards d'euros, soit un taux de détention de 50 %.
As published: 50.0%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shares issued by non-financial corporations

€10,763bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S11 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €10,763,292.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

CSG on earnings, 2024

€108.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus d'activité 108175; de remplacement 27353; du capital 17627 (M€, 2024)
As published: €108,175.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€5.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.2bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€44.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
Subsidies on products €31.8bn
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn

Result

€44.2 billion

Why believe this?

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home

€430bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies €465.1bn
EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €23.9bn
International cooperation paid €10.8bn
Capital transfers to the rest of the world €373m

Result

€430,024.7 million

Why believe this?

General public services

€174.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Environmental protection

€28.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Waste, water and pollution management.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF05 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €28,935.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)

€23.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D76PAY time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €23,876.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers to the rest of the world

€373mObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9PAY_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €373.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on products

€32bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on products

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3bn
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3.4bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.5bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn

Result

€32.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€3.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5
As published: €3.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
As published: €3.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€11.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V19: 4.1; row 21, V20: 7.7
As published: €11.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V5: 0.8; row 21, V6: 0.9
As published: €1.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production

€3.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2
As published: €3.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pensions

€10.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2
As published: €10.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions

€39bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
As published: €39.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Pensions

€52.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
As published: €52.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3
As published: €4.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
As published: €3.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€21.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8
As published: €21.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1
As published: €12.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Health care

€19bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €249.7bn
Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€19.0 billion

Why believe this?

Health care

€249.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Health × Health care ÷ Health care

From

Health €249.7bn
Health care €209.4bn
Health care €209.4bn

Result

€249.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Health care

€209.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 20–30%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10%, Health care

From

Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn
Bottom 10–20%, Health care €28.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Health care €24bn
Bottom 30–40%, Health care €27.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Health care €19.5bn
Top 40–50%, Health care €21.2bn
Top 30–40%, Health care €21.6bn
Top 20–30%, Health care €15.6bn
Top 10–20%, Health care €18.5bn
Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn

Result

€209.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Health care

€27.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6
As published: €27.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Health care

€15.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
As published: €15.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Education

€141.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Schools and universities.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF09 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €141,554.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Education

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6
As published: €12.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Education

€10.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
As published: €10.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9
As published: €20.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published: €10.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid

€6.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V17: 2.1; row 42, V18: 2; row 44, V17: 0.1; row 44, V18: 0.1; row 45, V17: 0.9; row 45, V18: 1
As published: €6.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Collective services

€26.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9
As published: €26.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

€23.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published: €23.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Collective services

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
As published: €23.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, levies paid

€402.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, CSG on capital income + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions

From

Top 10%, Taxes on products €50.9bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.5bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €52.1bn
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.3bn
Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn
Top 10%, Income tax €66.5bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12bn
Top 10%, Pension contributions €79.3bn
Top 10%, Other contributions €60.6bn

Result

€402.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€53.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€53.2 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€318.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on products ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €446.9bn
Taxes on products €318.6bn
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn

Result

€318.8 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€446.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €446,907.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on products

€318.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on products

From

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.1bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn
Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn

Result

€318.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products

€27bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8
As published: €27.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products

€37.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
As published: €37.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€35.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V19: -13.2; row 20, V20: -22.2
As published: €35.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production

€6.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4
As published: €6.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on production

€13.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7
As published: €13.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€64.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V19: -6.7; row 22, V20: -57.4
As published: €64.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

€800mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5
As published: €0.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7
As published: €1.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shares held by the rest of the world

€2,471bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S2 finpos=ASS na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €2,470,873.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Shares issued by financial corporations

€1,271bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S12 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,270,742.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9
As published: €1.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, CSG

€11.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
As published: €11.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, CSG

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
As published: €23.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, CSG on capital income

€7.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€9.8bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€8.6bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €16.9bn
Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 42.5%

Result

€7.2 billion

Why believe this?

CSG on capital income

€16.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
Caveat: A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €16.611bn in 2023; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€149.8bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.26%), which gives €16.9bn.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023 ÷ 100

From

CSG €149.8bn
Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023 11.3%

Result

€16.9 billion

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023

11.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income, 2023 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2023 + CSG on replacement income, 2023 + CSG on capital income, 2023) × 100

From

CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn
CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn
CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn

Result

11.3%

Why believe this?

CSG on capital income, 2023

€16.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
As published: €16,611.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CSG on replacement income, 2023

€26.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
As published: €26,140.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Net financial income

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9
As published: €1.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income

€4.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
As published: €4.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Net financial income

€17bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
As published: €17.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9
As published: €7.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed

€16bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4
As published: €16.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€65.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V19: -15.9; row 24, V20: -49.4
As published: €65.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Income tax

€0mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0
As published: €0.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Income tax

€4.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6
As published: €4.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€12.0 billion

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€24.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.5bn
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn

Result

€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5
As published: €1.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published: €2.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€93bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V19: -35.7; row 26, V20: -57.3
As published: €93.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions

€14.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8
As published: €14.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Pension contributions

€35.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1
As published: €35.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other contributions

€71.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V19: -18.2; row 29, V20: -32.3; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 27, V20: -5.1; row 28, V19: -4.1; row 28, V20: -7.7
As published: €71.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

€7.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9
As published: €7.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other contributions

€21.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2
As published: €21.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, allocated capital income

€215.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Net financial income, rents, actual and imputed, and the profits companies keep, attributed to the group by Insee, 2023. Private income: it does not pass through general government.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10%, Profits kept in companies

From

Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn
Top 10%, Profits kept in companies €100.9bn

Result

€215.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€20Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10%, Net financial income €1.9bn
Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€20

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, received a month per person

€1,790Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10%, transfers received €146.3bn
Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,790

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€53.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €433.7bn
Subsidies on production €38.1bn
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn

Result

€53.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pensions

€10.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Bottom 10%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn
Bottom 10%, Pensions €10.6bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€10.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid

€20.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €113.4bn
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.7bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€20.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Collective services

€37.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Bottom 10%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn
Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€37.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€18.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.7bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€18.8 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€130.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on production ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €456.1bn
Taxes on production €128bn
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn

Result

€130.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG

€1.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Bottom 10%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn
Bottom 10%, CSG €1.4bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

Income tax

€105.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Income tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €365.7bn
Income tax €101.6bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€105.8 billion

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€293bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social contributions × Pension contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

From

Social contributions €483.6bn
Pension contributions €328.9bn
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn

Result

€293.0 billion

Why believe this?

Other contributions

€190.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social contributions × Other contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

From

Social contributions €483.6bn
Other contributions €214bn
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn

Result

€190.6 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros

€13,970Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 5 “1er décile (D1)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €13,970
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V4, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column F (V4)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€90Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn
Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€90

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Profits kept in companies

€900mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V3: 0.4; row 10, V4: 0.5
As published: €0.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€20.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €144.7bn
Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €21.1bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€20.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

€498mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €624m
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€3.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, CSG − Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income

From

Bottom 10–20%, CSG €3.9bn
Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income €471m

Result

€3.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income

€471mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€277m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€429m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Bottom 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn
Bottom 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.7%

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€2.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €1.7bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, paid a month per person

€710Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 20–30%, levies paid €58.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€710

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production

€6.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €130.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€6.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

€832mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €800m
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income

3.9%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income €3bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €10.8bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

3.9%

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Income tax

€0mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Bottom 20–30%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €105.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€0.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions

€13.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €14.7bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€13.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

€6.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn
Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €7.7bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€6.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V7, Individuals, millions, Insee + V8, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V7, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V8, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V8, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column J (V8)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€10Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 30–40%, Profits kept in companies €1.1bn
Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€10

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, transfers received

€161.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services

From

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €35.6bn
Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.7bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €13.8bn
Bottom 30–40%, Health care €34.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Education €15bn
Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.6bn
Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €33.6bn

Result

€161.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits

€4.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.8bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€4.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Health care

€34.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Bottom 30–40%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Health care €27.4bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€34.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Education

€15bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 30–40%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Bottom 30–40%, Education €12.9bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€15.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, levies paid

€73.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 30–40%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €26.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €581m
Bottom 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €8.8bn
Bottom 30–40%, CSG on capital income €814m
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax €417m
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €18bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €9.6bn

Result

€73.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products

€27.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€27.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros, a month

€1,990Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros €23,880

Result

€1,990

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€50Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income €4.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€50

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, received a month per person

€1,830Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 40–50%, transfers received €149.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,830

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions

€38.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Bottom 40–50%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €39bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€38.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€10.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €113.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.4bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€10.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

€32.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Bottom 40–50%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn
Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€32.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products

€27.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €29.2bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€27.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, CSG

€11.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Bottom 40–50%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, CSG €11.1bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€11.6 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros

€26,740Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 9 “Médiane (D5)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €26,740
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V11, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column M (V11)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€200Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn
Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€200

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Profits kept in companies

€2.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V11: 1; row 10, V12: 1.3
As published: €2.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€11.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €144.7bn
Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€11.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€12.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, CSG − Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income

From

Top 40–50%, CSG €13.5bn
Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income €1.1bn

Result

€12.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income

€1.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€778m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€1bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn
Top 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income 6.4%

Result

€1.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production

€5.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.9bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€5.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, paid a month per person

€1,500Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 30–40%, levies paid €122.3bn
Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,500

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on production

€14bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Top 30–40%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €130.7bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€14.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

€1.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 30–40%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income

7.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 30–40%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn
Top 30–40%, Net financial income €7.5bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.3bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

7.7%

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Income tax

€4.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Top 30–40%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €105.8bn
Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.5bn
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€4.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Pension contributions

€31.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 30–40%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €35.6bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€31.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other contributions

€19.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 30–40%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn
Top 30–40%, Other contributions €21.5bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€19.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V15, Individuals, millions, Insee + V16, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V15, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V16, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V15, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column Q (V15)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€60Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 20–30%, Profits kept in companies €4.6bn
Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€60

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, transfers received

€148.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–30%, Health care + Top 20–30%, Education + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–30%, Collective services

From

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.7bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €6.7bn
Top 20–30%, Pensions €46.8bn
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn
Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.7bn
Top 20–30%, Health care €19.5bn
Top 20–30%, Education €12.6bn
Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.4bn
Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Top 20–30%, Collective services €32.2bn

Result

€148.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€4.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3.4bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits

€3.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€3.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Health care

€19.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 20–30%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Top 20–30%, Health care €15.6bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€19.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Education

€12.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Top 20–30%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Top 20–30%, Education €10.9bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€12.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, levies paid

€149.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 20–30%, CSG on capital income + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions

From

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €36.5bn
Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.9bn
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.4bn
Top 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €17.8bn
Top 20–30%, CSG on capital income €1.7bn
Top 20–30%, Income tax €9bn
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.3bn
Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €38.8bn
Top 20–30%, Other contributions €24.6bn

Result

€149.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products

€38.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 20–30%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€38.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€2.3 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros, a month

€3,230Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros €38,780

Result

€3,230

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€210Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10–20%, Net financial income €17bn
Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€210

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, received a month per person

€1,940Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10–20%, transfers received €158.1bn
Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,940

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Pensions

€51.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 10–20%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn
Top 10–20%, Pensions €52.3bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€51.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid

€6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €113.4bn
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6.2bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€6.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Collective services

€32.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Top 10–20%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn
Top 10–20%, Collective services €23.2bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€32.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products

€40.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €42.3bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€40.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, CSG

€24.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 10–20%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn
Top 10–20%, CSG €23.2bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€24.2 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros

€48,580Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 13 “9e décile (D9)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €48,580
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€950Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
Top 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€950

Why believe this?

V19, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column U (V19)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column V (V20)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, received a month per person

€2,230Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10%, transfers received €182.2bn
Top 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€2,230

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€16.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 10%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€16.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€51.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Top 10%, Taxes on products €54.3bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€51.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€36.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Top 10%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €130.7bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€36.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€66.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 10%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€66.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income

43.9%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn
Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

43.9%

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€68.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Top 10%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €105.8bn
Top 10%, Income tax €65.3bn
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€68.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€82.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 10%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Top 10%, Pension contributions €93bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€82.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other contributions

€63.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 10%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn
Top 10%, Other contributions €71.1bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€63.3 billion

Why believe this?

Outside France, Corporate tax

€16.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€16.4 billion

Why believe this?

Levies through companies

€537.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax: companies pay them, people bear them.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products + Taxes on production + Corporate tax

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Taxes on production €130.7bn
Corporate tax €81.2bn

Result

€537.3 billion

Why believe this?

Lenders outside France

€30.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The part of debt interest paid to non-resident holders.

Calculation

Computed as

Debt interest × Share of public debt held outside France ÷ 100

From

Debt interest €58.9bn
Share of public debt held outside France 51.9%

Result

€30.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, levies through companies

€25.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

From

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €20.6bn
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.2bn
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €498m

Result

€25.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, levies through companies

€43.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

From

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €31.2bn
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.6bn
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.2bn

Result

€43.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, subsidies through companies

€7.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.2bn

Result

€7.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, subsidies through companies

€11.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production

From

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.7bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €6.7bn

Result

€11.5 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€266.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on earnings and benefits + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth

From

CSG on earnings and benefits €135.7bn
Income tax €105.8bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn

Result

€266.8 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies, 2024

€98bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Subsidies on production €53.4bn

Result

€98.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€3.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €3.4bn
Bottom 10–20%, Income tax €104m
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €420m

Result

€3.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40% → Social contributions, 2024

€27.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €18bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €9.6bn

Result

€27.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€16.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €12.4bn
Top 40–50%, Income tax €2.7bn
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.6bn

Result

€16.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30% → Social contributions, 2024

€63.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions

From

Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €38.8bn
Top 20–30%, Other contributions €24.6bn

Result

€63.4 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on capital → General government, 2024

€98.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax + CSG on capital income

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
CSG on capital income €17.7bn

Result

€98.9 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Bottom 10%, 2024

€36.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits

From

Bottom 10%, Pensions €10.4bn
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.7bn
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.4bn

Result

€36.5 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Bottom 10–20%, 2024

€79bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure

From

Bottom 10–20%, Health care €35.2bn
Bottom 10–20%, Education €17.6bn
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €21.8bn
Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn

Result

€79.0 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Bottom 40–50%, 2024

€55.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits

From

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €38.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12.7bn

Result

€55.5 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Top 40–50%, 2024

€53.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure

From

Top 40–50%, Health care €26.4bn
Top 40–50%, Education €13.3bn
Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.1bn
Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn

Result

€53.2 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 10–20%, 2024

€66.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 10–20%, Pensions €51.2bn
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.6bn
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn

Result

€66.7 billion