How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

4 parts: 1 2 3 4

Why believe this?

Public revenue

€1,504bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Total revenue of general government. General government (S13): the State, local authorities and the social security funds, consolidated so that transfers between them cancel out.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TR time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,503,590.1 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)

€6.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9REC_S2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €6,933.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

€446.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products + Taxes on production

From

Taxes on products €318.6bn
Taxes on production €128bn

Result

€446.6 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€318.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €318.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €24.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefits

€46.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €46.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Health care

€209.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €209.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Education

€128.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €128.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Education

€148.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Schools and universities.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF09 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €148,639.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Culture and leisure

€52.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €52.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

€309.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production + Collective services

From

Subsidies on products €31.8bn
Subsidies on production €38.1bn
Collective services €239.4bn

Result

€309.3 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€31.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €31.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home

€433.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies €467bn
EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €22.3bn
International cooperation paid €10.3bn
Capital transfers to the rest of the world €760m

Result

€433,701.5 million

Why believe this?

General public services

€181.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €181,103.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Environmental protection

€30.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Waste, water and pollution management.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF05 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €30,285.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)

€22.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D76PAY time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €22,281.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers to the rest of the world

€760mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9PAY_S2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €760.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Share of public debt held by the Banque de France

20.2%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: A holder's average holdings of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders'.
Caveat: Interest split by the average of the holdings at the start and end of the year: Eurostat does not publish interest paid by government by holder. Holders of older, low-coupon bonds receive less than their share of the stock. The Banque de France bought most of its holdings in 2015 to 2022 at low coupons; the Eurosystem stopped reinvesting maturing bonds of its asset purchase programme (APP) in July 2023 and of its pandemic programme (PEPP) at the end of 2024 (ECB), so its share of the stock falls.

Calculation

Computed as

(Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 + Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 + Public debt, all holders, end 2024) × 100

From

Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 €660.9bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024 €636.6bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2024 €3,306bn

Result

20.2%

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France

38.1%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat: Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as

((Public debt held in France, end 2024 − Public debt held in France, end 2023) − (Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024 − Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023)) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2024 − Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100

From

Public debt held in France, end 2023 €1,515bn
Public debt held in France, end 2024 €1,568bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 €660.9bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024 €636.6bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2024 €3,306bn

Result

38.1%

Why believe this?

Shares held by the rest of the world

€2,456bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S2 finpos=ASS na_item=F51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €2,455,534.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Shares issued by financial corporations

€1,397bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S12 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,396,978.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Economic affairs

€177.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF04 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €177,620.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V19: 1.7; row 19, V20: 2.4
As published: €4.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products

€2.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4
As published: €2.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products

€3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V9: 1.5; row 19, V10: 1.5
As published: €3.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products

€3.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
As published: €3.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€16.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 10%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€16.4 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€53bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
Subsidies on production €38.1bn
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn

Result

€53.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6
As published: €1.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production

€3.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V11: 1.6; row 21, V12: 1.7
As published: €3.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Pensions

€397.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10%, Pensions

From

Bottom 10%, Pensions €10.6bn
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €22.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Pensions €34.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €36.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €39bn
Top 40–50%, Pensions €43.6bn
Top 30–40%, Pensions €44.7bn
Top 20–30%, Pensions €47.8bn
Top 10–20%, Pensions €52.3bn
Top 10%, Pensions €66.6bn

Result

€397.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Pensions

€36.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V7: 18.6; row 31, V8: 17.7
As published: €36.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Pensions

€47.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
As published: €47.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V19: 2.9; row 32, V20: 2.5
As published: €5.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3
As published: €5.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
As published: €4.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€3.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
As published: €3.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits

€16.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9
As published: €16.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits

€11.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1
As published: €11.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Health care

€15.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V19: 8; row 40, V20: 7.9
As published: €15.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Health care

€17.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4
As published: €17.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Health care

€19.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
As published: €19.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Health care

€18.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V17: 9.1; row 40, V18: 9.4
As published: €18.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Education

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V19: 5.1; row 41, V20: 5.3
As published: €10.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9
As published: €18.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Education

€12.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
As published: €12.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Education

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
As published: €10.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Social care and housing aid

€5.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Top 10%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €107.7bn
Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.5bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€5.1 billion

Why believe this?

Social care and housing aid

€107.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social protection × Social care and housing aid ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection

From

Social protection €657.9bn
Social care and housing aid €115.8bn
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn

Result

€107.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1
As published: €12.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid

€6.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
As published: €6.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Recreation, culture and religion

€41.4bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF08 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €41,417.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V19: 2.6; row 43, V20: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V1: 2.6; row 43, V2: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V9: 2.6; row 43, V10: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Collective services

€239.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Collective services + Bottom 10–20%, Collective services + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services + Top 40–50%, Collective services + Top 30–40%, Collective services + Top 20–30%, Collective services + Top 10–20%, Collective services + Top 10%, Collective services

From

Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn
Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €24.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn
Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
Top 30–40%, Collective services €23.4bn
Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn
Top 10–20%, Collective services €23.2bn
Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn

Result

€239.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Collective services

€24bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8
As published: €24.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Collective services

€23bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
As published: €23.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€53.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V19: -19.9; row 18, V20: -33.3
As published: €53.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€19.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1
As published: €19.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products

€28.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published: €28.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products

€41.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
As published: €41.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Share of consumption by visitors

4.4%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
Caveat: Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.

Calculation

Computed as

Purchases of non-residents on the territory ÷ Household consumption on the territory × 100

From

Purchases of non-residents on the territory €65.9bn
Household consumption on the territory €1,497bn

Result

4.4%

Why believe this?

Purchases of non-residents on the territory

€65.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Consumption by non-resident households on the economic territory (ESA P34), current prices.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P34 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €65,858.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Household consumption on the territory

€1,497bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P31_S14_DC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,496,572.9 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€35.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Top 10%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €128.1bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€35.5 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on production ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €446.9bn
Taxes on production €128bn
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn

Result

€128.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3
As published: €4.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Taxes on production

€11.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8
As published: €11.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Taxes on income and wealth

€357.2bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, CSG and CRDS, corporate income tax, and the property wealth tax (IFI).

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D5REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €357,244.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

All groups, Corporate tax

€78.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, Corporate tax

From

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €700m
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €800m
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €800m
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.6bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn

Result

€78.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

€600mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3
As published: €0.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8
As published: €1.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Share of French companies' equity held outside France

20%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts

Listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world, as a share of the shares issued by non-financial and financial corporations, at the end of the year (financial accounts).

Competing figures

49.5%, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5. The Banque de France's survey covers the listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies, at market value, where non-residents hold half; the financial accounts cover every French company, listed or not, most of them held at home. The two bound the share of corporate tax that falls on owners outside France.

Caveat

Shares that French companies hold in one another count in the denominator, so a chain of holdings inside France dilutes the share held abroad; the listed-only figure of the Banque de France is the upper end of the range.

Calculation

Computed as

Shares held by the rest of the world ÷ (Shares issued by non-financial corporations + Shares issued by financial corporations) × 100

From

Shares held by the rest of the world €2,471bn
Shares issued by non-financial corporations €11,069bn
Shares issued by financial corporations €1,271bn

Result

20.0%

Why believe this?

Shares issued by non-financial corporations

€11,069bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S11 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €11,069,025.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 10%, CSG

€45.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 10%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €149.8bn
Top 10%, CSG €44.7bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€45.5 billion

Why believe this?

CSG

€149.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × CSG ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
CSG €147.3bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€149.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, CSG

€9.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9
As published: €9.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, CSG

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
As published: €18.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CSG on income from investments, 2023

€9.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
As published: €9,444.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9
As published: €3.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Net financial income

€10.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
As published: €10.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8
As published: €10.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed

€18.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6
As published: €18.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€66.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Top 10%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €103.3bn
Top 10%, Income tax €65.3bn
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€66.5 billion

Why believe this?

Income tax

€103.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Income tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Income tax €101.6bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€103.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Income tax

€100mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1
As published: €0.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Income tax

€2.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5
As published: €2.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€11.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V19: -2.9; row 25, V20: -8.8
As published: €11.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€400mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2
As published: €0.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
As published: €1.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€3.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
As published: €3.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€79.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 10%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €280.4bn
Top 10%, Pension contributions €93bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€79.3 billion

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€280.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social contributions × Pension contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

From

Social contributions €462.8bn
Pension contributions €328.9bn
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn

Result

€280.4 billion

Why believe this?

Social contributions

€462.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D61REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €462,828.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6
As published: €9.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Pension contributions

€28.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6
As published: €28.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other contributions

€60.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 10%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €182.4bn
Top 10%, Other contributions €71.1bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€60.6 billion

Why believe this?

Other contributions

€182.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social contributions × Other contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

From

Social contributions €462.8bn
Other contributions €214bn
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn

Result

€182.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions

€5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6
As published: €5.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other contributions

€16.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6
As published: €16.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V1, Individuals, millions, Insee + V2, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V1, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V2, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V1, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column C (V1)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€80Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €6.9bn
Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€80

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, transfers received

€146.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10%, Collective services

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €699m
Bottom 10%, Pensions €10.4bn
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.7bn
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.4bn
Bottom 10%, Health care €21.8bn
Bottom 10%, Education €21.7bn
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.2bn
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Bottom 10%, Collective services €37.1bn

Result

€146.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products

€3.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€3.9 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€44.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €433.7bn
Subsidies on products €31.8bn
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn

Result

€44.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefits

€45.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social protection × Unemployment benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection

From

Social protection €693bn
Unemployment benefits €46.1bn
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn

Result

€45.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Health care

€21.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Bottom 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€21.8 billion

Why believe this?

Health care

€261.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Health × Health care ÷ Health care

From

Health €261.2bn
Health care €209.4bn
Health care €209.4bn

Result

€261.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€21.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Bottom 10%, Education €18.7bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€21.7 billion

Why believe this?

Education

€148.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Education ÷ Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Education €128.1bn
Education €128.1bn

Result

€148.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Culture and leisure

€43.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Recreation, culture and religion × Culture and leisure ÷ Culture and leisure

From

Recreation, culture and religion €43.1bn
Culture and leisure €52.6bn
Culture and leisure €52.6bn

Result

€43.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, levies paid

€31.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.8bn
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €581m
Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €1bn
Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €438m
Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.8bn
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €420m
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.5bn
Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.8bn

Result

€31.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€19.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Bottom 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€19.7 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€325.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on products ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €456.1bn
Taxes on products €318.6bn
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn

Result

€325.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax

€581mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €728m
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

CSG on income from property, 2024

€6.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 6899; CSG sur les revenus du placement 10728 (M€, 2024)
As published: €6,899.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€420mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€25.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €365.7bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€25.3 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros, a month

€1,160Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros €13,970

Result

€1,160

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€30Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn
Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€30

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, received a month per person

€2,050Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10–20%, transfers received €167.4bn
Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€2,050

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production

€1.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products

€20.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.6bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€20.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production

€4.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €130.7bn
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€4.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

€624mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income

2.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

2.7%

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Income tax

€104mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Bottom 10–20%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €105.8bn
Bottom 10–20%, Income tax €100m
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions

€8.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €9.8bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€8.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions

€4.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn
Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €5bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€4.5 billion

Why believe this?

V5, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column G (V5)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€20Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies €1.3bn
Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€20

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies

€1.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V5: 0.5; row 10, V6: 0.8
As published: €1.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits

€15.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €144.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €16.1bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€15.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€6.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, CSG − Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income

From

Bottom 20–30%, CSG €6.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income €688m

Result

€6.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income

€688mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€395m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€629m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income 3.9%

Result

€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Pensions

€35.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Bottom 30–40%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €36.3bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€35.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid

€12.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €113.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.9bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€12.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Collective services

€33.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Bottom 30–40%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn
Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€33.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, paid a month per person

€910Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 30–40%, levies paid €73.9bn
Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€910

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, CSG

€9.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Bottom 30–40%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, CSG €9.2bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€9.6 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros

€23,880Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 8 “4e décile (D4)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €23,880
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V9, Individuals, millions, Insee + V10, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V9, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V10, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V9, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column K (V9)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V10, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column L (V10)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€170Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €13.9bn
Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€170

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, transfers received

€149.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

From

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €4.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.8bn
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €38.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12.7bn
Bottom 40–50%, Health care €24.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Education €14.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €32.8bn

Result

€149.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products

€4.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits

€4.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.6bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€4.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Health care

€24.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Bottom 40–50%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Health care €19.5bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€24.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Education

€14.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 40–50%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Education €12.3bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€14.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, levies paid

€87.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €27.9bn
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €10.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €664m
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €10.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income €921m
Bottom 40–50%, Income tax €1.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €22.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €12.6bn

Result

€87.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products

€29.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€29.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax

€664mEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €832m
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€1.3 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros, a month

€2,230Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros €26,740

Result

€2,230

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€70Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn
Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€70

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, received a month per person

€1,870Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 40–50%, transfers received €152.8bn
Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,870

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production

€4.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products

€31.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32.7bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%

Result

€31.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Taxes on production

€11.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Top 40–50%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €130.7bn
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€11.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 40–50%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income

6.4%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 40–50%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn
Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

6.4%

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Income tax

€2.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Top 40–50%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €105.8bn
Top 40–50%, Income tax €2.6bn
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Pension contributions

€25.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 40–50%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €28.4bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€25.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other contributions

€15bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 40–50%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn
Top 40–50%, Other contributions €16.8bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€15.0 billion

Why believe this?

V14, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column P (V14)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€30Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies €2.4bn
Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€30

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies

€2.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V13: 1.2; row 10, V14: 1.2
As published: €2.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits

€11.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €144.7bn
Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€11.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€15bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, CSG − Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income

From

Top 30–40%, CSG €16.4bn
Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income €1.4bn

Result

€15.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income

€1.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€989m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€1.2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn
Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income 7.7%

Result

€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Pensions

€46.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 20–30%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn
Top 20–30%, Pensions €47.8bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€46.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid

€6.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €113.4bn
Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.6bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€6.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Collective services

€32.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Top 20–30%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn
Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€32.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, paid a month per person

€1,840Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 20–30%, levies paid €149.9bn
Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,840

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, CSG

€19.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 20–30%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn
Top 20–30%, CSG €18.7bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€19.5 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros

€38,780Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 12 “8e décile (D8)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €38,780
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V17, Individuals, millions, Insee + V18, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V17, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V18, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V18, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column T (V18)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€300Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €24.5bn
Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€300

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, transfers received

€158.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 10–20%, Collective services

From

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €4.9bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €8.5bn
Top 10–20%, Pensions €51.2bn
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.6bn
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn
Top 10–20%, Health care €23.1bn
Top 10–20%, Education €12.1bn
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6bn
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Top 10–20%, Collective services €32.5bn

Result

€158.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products

€4.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.5bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€3.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Health care

€23.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 10–20%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Top 10–20%, Health care €18.5bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€23.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Education

€12.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Top 10–20%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Top 10–20%, Education €10.4bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€12.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, levies paid

€191.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions

From

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €40.3bn
Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.7bn
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €3.8bn
Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €21.8bn
Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income €2.4bn
Top 10–20%, Income tax €16.8bn
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.5bn
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €48.8bn
Top 10–20%, Other contributions €33.2bn

Result

€191.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Taxes on products

€42.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 10–20%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€42.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Corporate tax

€3.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.8bn
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%

Result

€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€3.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€3.5 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros, a month

€4,050Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros €48,580

Result

€4,050

Why believe this?

Top 10%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V19, Individuals, millions, Insee + V20, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

Top 10%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€1,240Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10%, Profits kept in companies €100.9bn
Top 10%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,240

Why believe this?

Top 10%, transfers received

€182.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Pensions + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Collective services

From

Top 10%, Subsidies on products €5.7bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on production €16.5bn
Top 10%, Pensions €65.3bn
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.3bn
Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.5bn
Top 10%, Health care €19.8bn
Top 10%, Education €12.1bn
Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn
Top 10%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn
Top 10%, Collective services €33.4bn

Result

€182.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€5.7bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€5.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Health care

€19.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn
Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€19.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Education

€12.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Top 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn
Top 10%, Education €10.4bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€12.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Culture and leisure

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Top 10%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn
Top 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, levies paid

€414.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, CSG on capital income + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions

From

Top 10%, Taxes on products €51.8bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €36.2bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €53.2bn
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.8bn
Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.8bn
Top 10%, Income tax €68.1bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12.3bn
Top 10%, Pension contributions €82.9bn
Top 10%, Other contributions €63.3bn

Result

€414.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€54.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€54.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€12.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€12.3 billion

Why believe this?

Lenders in France

€16.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The part of debt interest paid to resident holders other than the Banque de France; Insee already counts what reaches households through insurers and funds in their primary income, so it is not drawn on to any group.

Calculation

Computed as

Debt interest × Share of public debt held by other lenders in France ÷ 100

From

Debt interest €58.9bn
Share of public debt held by other lenders in France 27.8%

Result

€16.4 billion

Why believe this?

Repaid to the Banque de France

€20.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Public debt this holder let mature or sold, net, over the year: the State repaid it with new borrowing.

Calculation

Computed as

Borrowing × −Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France ÷ 100

From

Borrowing €169.1bn
Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France −12%

Result

€20.3 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies through companies

€98bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies on products and on production: companies receive them, people gain from them.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Subsidies on production €53.4bn

Result

€98.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, levies through companies

€30.8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

From

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €23.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.4bn
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €664m

Result

€30.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, levies through companies

€48.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

From

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €14bn
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.2bn

Result

€48.6 billion

Why believe this?

Outside France, levies through companies

€31.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Outside France, Taxes on products + Outside France, Corporate tax

From

Outside France, Taxes on products €15.1bn
Outside France, Corporate tax €16.4bn

Result

€31.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, subsidies through companies

€4.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €699m

Result

€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, subsidies through companies

€8bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €4.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.8bn

Result

€8.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, subsidies through companies

€13.4bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production

From

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €4.9bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €8.5bn

Result

€13.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, subsidies through companies

€22.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production

From

Top 10%, Subsidies on products €5.7bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on production €16.5bn

Result

€22.2 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products and production, 2024

€456.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products + Taxes on production

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn
Taxes on production €130.7bn

Result

€456.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€4.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €1bn
Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.8bn
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €420m

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30% → Social contributions, 2024

€20bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €13.1bn
Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €6.9bn

Result

€20.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€13.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €10.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Income tax €1.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.3bn

Result

€13.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40% → Social contributions, 2024

€50.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions

From

Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €31.7bn
Top 30–40%, Other contributions €19.2bn

Result

€50.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€42bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €21.8bn
Top 10–20%, Income tax €16.8bn
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.5bn

Result

€42.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024

€119.2bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.8bn
Top 10%, Income tax €68.1bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12.3bn

Result

€119.2 billion

Why believe this?

Social contributions → General government, 2024

€483.6bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions + Other contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn
Other contributions €190.6bn

Result

€483.6 billion

Why believe this?

General government → Subsidies, 2024

€98bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn
Subsidies on production €53.4bn

Result

€98.0 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Bottom 20–30%, 2024

€65.3bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure

From

Bottom 20–30%, Health care €29.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, Education €17.3bn
Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €13.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn

Result

€65.3 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Bottom 30–40%, 2024

€54.1bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits

From

Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €35.6bn
Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.7bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €13.8bn

Result

€54.1 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Top 30–40%, 2024

€51.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure

From

Top 30–40%, Health care €26.9bn
Top 30–40%, Education €12.6bn
Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €8bn
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn

Result

€51.9 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 20–30%, 2024

€61.9bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 20–30%, Pensions €46.8bn
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn
Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.7bn

Result

€61.9 billion