How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies
€465.1bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- General public services without debt interest, defence, public order, economic affairs, environmental protection and housing and community amenities.
Calculation
- Computed as
General public services − Debt interest + Defence + Public order and safety + Economic affairs + Environmental protection + Housing and community amenities- From
- Result
- €465,106.7 million
Why believe this?
Debt interest
€51.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public debt transactions.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0107time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,706.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Defence
€51.2bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Military and civil defence.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF02time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,179.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing and community amenities
€35.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Housing development, community development, water supply and street lighting.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF06time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €35,601.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5
- As published
- €3.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on production
€38.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €500m
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €1.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €2.7bn
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.9bn
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn
- Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €6.1bn
- Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn
- Result
- €38.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V15: 2.3; row 21, V16: 2.5
- As published
- €4.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pensions
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Pensions
€370bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
€707.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€147.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, Ensemble: 38; row 34, Ensemble: 33.6; row 35, Ensemble: 33.9; row 36, Ensemble: 22.9; row 37, Ensemble: 19.3
- As published
- €147.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions
€22.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2
- As published
- €22.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pensions
€43.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4
- As published
- €43.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V13: 2; row 32, V14: 1.8
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits
€20.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4
- As published
- €20.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€12bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
- As published
- €12.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€14.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V19: 1.2; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €14.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Health care
€24bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2
- As published
- €24.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Health care
€21.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8
- As published
- €21.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Education
€10.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3
- As published
- €10.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Social care and housing aid
€116.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid- From
- Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.7bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €22.4bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €14.1bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.9bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.4bn
- Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.3bn
- Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €8.2bn
- Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.6bn
- Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6.2bn
- Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.5bn
- Result
- €116.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€22.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €22.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid
€9.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9
- As published
- €9.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Collective services
€36.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Collective services
€332.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Collective services ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Result
- €332.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services
€24.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4
- As published
- €24.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Collective services
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8
- As published
- €23.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products
€34.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5
- As published
- €34.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €9.9bn
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.3bn
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3
- As published
- €8.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on production
€16.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €16.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax
€711mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Corporate tax
€79.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG + Bottom 10–20%, CSG + Bottom 20–30%, CSG + Bottom 30–40%, CSG + Bottom 40–50%, CSG + Top 40–50%, CSG + Top 30–40%, CSG + Top 20–30%, CSG + Top 10–20%, CSG + Top 10%, CSG- From
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings, 2023
€104.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €104,706.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.6%
Why believe this?
All groups, Net financial income
€133.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Net financial income + Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income + Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income + Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income + Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 30–40%, Net financial income + Top 20–30%, Net financial income + Top 10–20%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Net financial income- From
- Bottom 10%, Net financial income €1.9bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income €3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income €4.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn
- Top 30–40%, Net financial income €7.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Net financial income €17bn
- Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
- Result
- €133.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Net financial income
€5.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3
- As published
- €5.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed
€6.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6
- As published
- €6.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed
€13.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €13.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€24.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €24.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9; row 9, V20: 21.4
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10%, Income tax- From
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Income tax
€8.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €8.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.9bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €9.8bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €14.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €20.2bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €24.9bn
- Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €28.4bn
- Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €35.6bn
- Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €43.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €54.7bn
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €93bn
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pension contributions
€43.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €43.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €2bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €5bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €7.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €10.8bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €14.2bn
- Top 40–50%, Other contributions €16.8bn
- Top 30–40%, Other contributions €21.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Other contributions €27.6bn
- Top 10–20%, Other contributions €37.3bn
- Top 10%, Other contributions €71.1bn
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions
€10.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3
- As published
- €10.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other contributions
€27.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €27.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pensions
€61.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Collective services
€33.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on products
€50.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€65.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income
42.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 42.5%
Why believe this?
Share of public debt held by other lenders in France
28.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's average holdings of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders'.
- Caveat
- Interest split by the average of the holdings at the start and end of the year: Eurostat does not publish interest paid by government by holder. Holders of older, low-coupon bonds receive less than their share of the stock. The Banque de France bought most of its holdings in 2015 to 2022 at low coupons; the Eurosystem stopped reinvesting maturing bonds of its asset purchase programme (APP) in July 2023 and of its pandemic programme (PEPP) at the end of 2024 (ECB), so its share of the stock falls.
Calculation
- Computed as
((Public debt held in France, end 2022 + Public debt held in France, end 2023) − (Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022 + Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023)) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2022 + Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 28.2%
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023
€660.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S121time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €660,930.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023
€1,589bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,588,630.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France
−4.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 − Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100- From
- Result
- −4.6%
Why believe this?
Outside France, Corporate tax, at the CAC 40 share
€39.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate tax borne outside France if every French company were held abroad as much as the CAC 40's are: the upper end of the range.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Profits kept in companies
€100.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V19: 10.5; row 10, V20: 90.4
- As published
- €100.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€20Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, Net financial income €1.9bn
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €20
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V1: 0.7; row 10, V2: 0.4
- As published
- €1.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, received a month per person
€1,730Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, transfers received €140.9bn
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,730
Why believe this?
V3, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column E (V3)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€90Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn
- Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €90
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Profits kept in companies €900m
- Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, transfers received
€161bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10–20%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.5bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €21.1bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.3bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €19.6bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Health care €33.6bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Education €16.8bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €20.7bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €34.2bn
- Result
- €161.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits
€5.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€19.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Education
€16.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax
€487mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D2, constant 2024 euros, a month
€1,440Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D2, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D2, constant 2024 euros €17,330
- Result
- €1,440
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, paid a month per person
€690Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 20–30%, levies paid €56.6bn
- Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €690
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production
€6.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, CSG
€6.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Income tax
€0mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions
€12.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions
€6.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros
€20,610Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 7 “3e décile (D3)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €20,610
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V7, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column I (V7)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Health care
€32.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, levies paid
€71.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 30–40%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €25.8bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €569m
- Bottom 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €8.6bn
- Bottom 30–40%, CSG on capital income €809m
- Bottom 30–40%, Income tax €407m
- Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €17.2bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €9.2bn
- Result
- €71.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products
€27bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, CSG on capital income
€809mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €479m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €685m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€50Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income €4.3bn
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €50
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V9: 0.7; row 10, V10: 0.6
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, received a month per person
€1,760Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, transfers received €143.7bn
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,760
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Collective services
€32.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax
€813mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income
5.4%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 5.4%
Why believe this?
V12, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column N (V12)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€200Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn
- Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €200
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€30Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 40–50%, Profits kept in companies €2.3bn
- Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €30
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, transfers received
€147.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 40–50%, Collective services- From
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products €4.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €4.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Pensions €40.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €11.2bn
- Top 40–50%, Health care €25.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Education €12.7bn
- Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €8.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
- Top 40–50%, Collective services €32.5bn
- Result
- €147.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits
€11.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Education
€12.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€12.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros, a month
€2,440Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros €29,230
- Result
- €2,440
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, paid a month per person
€1,450Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 30–40%, levies paid €118.7bn
- Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,450
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products
€32.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production
€13.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, CSG
€16bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Income tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions
€30.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other contributions
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros
€32,920Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 11 “7e décile (D7)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €32,920
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V16, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column R (V16)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€4.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Health care
€18.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, levies paid
€145.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 20–30%, CSG on capital income + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions- From
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €35.9bn
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.4bn
- Top 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €17.4bn
- Top 20–30%, CSG on capital income €1.6bn
- Top 20–30%, Income tax €8.8bn
- Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.3bn
- Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €37.1bn
- Top 20–30%, Other contributions €23.5bn
- Result
- €145.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products
€37.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, CSG on capital income
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €1.3bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.4bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€210Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, Net financial income €17bn
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €210
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies
€7.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V17: 3.1; row 10, V18: 4.1
- As published
- €7.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, received a month per person
€1,870Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, transfers received €152.2bn
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,870
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pensions
€48.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Collective services
€32.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax
€4.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income
13.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 10–20%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 13.6%
Why believe this?
Top 10%, paid a month per person
€4,930Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, levies paid €402.4bn
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €4,930
Why believe this?
Debt interest and unclassified
€52.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public spending that no category takes, transfers abroad aside: debt interest, and the gap between Eurostat's total and its later breakdown by purpose.
Calculation
- Computed as
Public spending − Social protection − Health − Education − Recreation, culture and religion − Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Public spending €1,608bn
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Health €249.7bn
- Education €141.6bn
- Recreation, culture and religion €41.4bn
- Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
- EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €23.9bn
- International cooperation paid €10.8bn
- Capital transfers to the rest of the world €373m
- Result
- €52,584.6 million
Why believe this?
Public spending
€1,608bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Total expenditure of general government. General government (S13): the State, local authorities and the social security funds, consolidated so that transfers between them cancel out.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,608,270.8 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, levies through companies
€34.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, levies through companies
€54.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, subsidies through companies
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, subsidies through companies
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Social contributions, 2023
€462.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind, 2023
€540.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40% → Social contributions, 2023
€26.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30% → Social contributions, 2023
€60.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Outside France → General government, 2023
€170.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Through companies → Taxes on products and production, 2023
€446.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Taxes on products and production → General government, 2023
€446.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
General government → Cash benefits, 2023
€550.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Bottom 10%, 2023
€34.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Bottom 10–20%, 2023
€75.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure- From
- Result
- €75.3 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Bottom 40–50%, 2023
€52.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 40–50%, 2023
€50.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure- From
- Result
- €50.7 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Top 10–20%, 2023
€63.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Top 10%, 2023
€80.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
General government → Outside France, 2023
€60.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Lenders outside France + EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) + International cooperation paid + Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Result
- €60.9 billion