How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

4 parts: 1 2 3 4

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, transfers received

€140.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10%, Collective services

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €693m
Bottom 10%, Pensions €9.9bn
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €19.4bn
Bottom 10%, Health care €20.9bn
Bottom 10%, Education €20.7bn
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €19.2bn
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
Bottom 10%, Collective services €36.8bn

Result

€140.9 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€44.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
Subsidies on products €31.8bn
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn

Result

€44.2 billion

Why believe this?

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home

€430bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world

From

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies €465.1bn
EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €23.9bn
International cooperation paid €10.8bn
Capital transfers to the rest of the world €373m

Result

€430,024.7 million

Why believe this?

General public services

€174.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Environmental protection

€28.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Waste, water and pollution management.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF05 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €28,935.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)

€23.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D76PAY time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €23,876.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers to the rest of the world

€373mObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9PAY_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €373.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€38.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €38.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on products

€32bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on products

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3bn
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3.4bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.5bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn

Result

€32.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€3.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5
As published: €3.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
As published: €3.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V5: 0.8; row 21, V6: 0.9
As published: €1.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production

€3.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2
As published: €3.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€11.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V19: 4.1; row 21, V20: 7.7
As published: €11.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pensions

€10.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2
As published: €10.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions

€39bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
As published: €39.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Pensions

€52.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
As published: €52.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €42.9bn
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€5.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3
As published: €4.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
As published: €3.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits

€19.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €137.4bn
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.8bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€19.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€21.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8
As published: €21.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1
As published: €12.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Health care

€249.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Health × Health care ÷ Health care

From

Health €249.7bn
Health care €209.4bn
Health care €209.4bn

Result

€249.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Health care

€209.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 20–30%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10%, Health care

From

Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn
Bottom 10–20%, Health care €28.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Health care €24bn
Bottom 30–40%, Health care €27.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Health care €19.5bn
Top 40–50%, Health care €21.2bn
Top 30–40%, Health care €21.6bn
Top 20–30%, Health care €15.6bn
Top 10–20%, Health care €18.5bn
Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn

Result

€209.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Health care

€27.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6
As published: €27.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Health care

€15.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
As published: €15.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €141.6bn
Bottom 10%, Education €18.7bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€20.7 billion

Why believe this?

Education

€141.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Schools and universities.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF09 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €141,554.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Education

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6
As published: €12.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Education

€10.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
As published: €10.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9
As published: €20.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published: €10.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid

€6.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V17: 2.1; row 42, V18: 2; row 44, V17: 0.1; row 44, V18: 0.1; row 45, V17: 0.9; row 45, V18: 1
As published: €6.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €41.4bn
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Collective services

€26.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9
As published: €26.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

€23.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published: €23.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Collective services

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
As published: €23.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€318.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on products ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €446.9bn
Taxes on products €318.6bn
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn

Result

€318.8 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€446.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €446,907.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €128.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on products

€318.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on products

From

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.1bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn
Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn

Result

€318.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products

€27bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8
As published: €27.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products

€37.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
As published: €37.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production

€6.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4
As published: €6.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on production

€13.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7
As published: €13.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€35.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V19: -13.2; row 20, V20: -22.2
As published: €35.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€78bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €78.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Income tax

€101.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €101.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

€800mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5
As published: €0.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7
As published: €1.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€64.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V19: -6.7; row 22, V20: -57.4
As published: €64.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shares held by the rest of the world

€2,471bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S2 finpos=ASS na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €2,470,873.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Shares issued by financial corporations

€1,271bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S12 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,270,742.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€988mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, CSG − Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income

From

Bottom 10%, CSG €1.4bn
Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €437m

Result

€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9
As published: €1.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, CSG

€11.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
As published: €11.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, CSG

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
As published: €23.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CSG on capital income

€16.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
Caveat: A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €16.611bn in 2023; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€149.8bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.26%), which gives €16.9bn.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023 ÷ 100

From

CSG €149.8bn
Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023 11.3%

Result

€16.9 billion

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023

11.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income, 2023 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2023 + CSG on replacement income, 2023 + CSG on capital income, 2023) × 100

From

CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn
CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn
CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn

Result

11.3%

Why believe this?

CSG on capital income, 2023

€16.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
As published: €16,611.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CSG on replacement income, 2023

€26.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where: Tableau 1, page 47
Published: June 2025
It says: CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
As published: €26,140.0 million
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Net financial income

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9
As published: €1.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income

€4.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
As published: €4.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Net financial income

€17bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
As published: €17.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9
As published: €7.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed

€16bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4
As published: €16.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Income tax

€0mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0
As published: €0.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Income tax

€4.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6
As published: €4.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€65.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V19: -15.9; row 24, V20: -49.4
As published: €65.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn

Result

€24.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.5bn
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn

Result

€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5
As published: €1.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published: €2.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€328.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €328.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

€542.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions + Other contributions

From

Pension contributions €328.9bn
Other contributions €214bn

Result

€542.9 billion

Why believe this?

Other contributions

€214bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, Ensemble: -142.8; row 27, Ensemble: -33.2; row 28, Ensemble: -38
As published: €214.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions

€14.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8
As published: €14.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Pension contributions

€35.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1
As published: €35.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€93bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V19: -35.7; row 26, V20: -57.3
As published: €93.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

€7.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9
As published: €7.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other contributions

€21.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2
As published: €21.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other contributions

€71.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V19: -18.2; row 29, V20: -32.3; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 27, V20: -5.1; row 28, V19: -4.1; row 28, V20: -7.7
As published: €71.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€5.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.2bn
Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Health care

€19bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €249.7bn
Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€19.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, levies paid

€402.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, CSG on capital income + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions

From

Top 10%, Taxes on products €50.9bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.5bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €52.1bn
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.3bn
Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn
Top 10%, Income tax €66.5bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12bn
Top 10%, Pension contributions €79.3bn
Top 10%, Other contributions €60.6bn

Result

€402.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€53.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€53.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, CSG on capital income

€7.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€9.8bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€8.6bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €16.9bn
Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 42.5%

Result

€7.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€12.0 billion

Why believe this?

Public revenue

€1,456bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Total revenue of general government. General government (S13): the State, local authorities and the social security funds, consolidated so that transfers between them cancel out.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TR time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,456,350.5 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)

€9.2bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9REC_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €9,245.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Dividends paid by the Banque de France, 2015 to 2022

€15.5bnObserved2022

Definition

What it counts: Dividends the Banque de France paid the State over 2015 to 2022.

Source

Source: Banque de France, Banque de France
Where: Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025, citing the Rapport annuel 2024, p. 117; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
Published: March 2025
It says: From 2015 to 2022 the Bank paid the State €16.3bn of corporate tax and €15.5bn of dividends.
As published: €15.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Public debt held in France, end 2023

€1,515bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,514,617.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Share of public debt held by the Banque de France

21.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: A holder's average holdings of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders'.
Caveat: Interest split by the average of the holdings at the start and end of the year: Eurostat does not publish interest paid by government by holder. Holders of older, low-coupon bonds receive less than their share of the stock. The Banque de France bought most of its holdings in 2015 to 2022 at low coupons; the Eurosystem stopped reinvesting maturing bonds of its asset purchase programme (APP) in July 2023 and of its pandemic programme (PEPP) at the end of 2024 (ECB), so its share of the stock falls.

Calculation

Computed as

(Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022 + Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2022 + Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100

From

Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022 €667.7bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 €660.9bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn

Result

21.9%

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France

0.4%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat: Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as

((Public debt held in France, end 2023 − Public debt held in France, end 2022) − (Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 − Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022)) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100

From

Public debt held in France, end 2022 €1,521bn
Public debt held in France, end 2023 €1,515bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022 €667.7bn
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023 €660.9bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn

Result

0.4%

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from abroad

104.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat: Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as

(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100

From

Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022 €1,435bn
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 €1,589bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn

Result

104.2%

Why believe this?

Top 10%, allocated capital income

€215.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Net financial income, rents, actual and imputed, and the profits companies keep, attributed to the group by Insee, 2023. Private income: it does not pass through general government.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10%, Profits kept in companies

From

Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn
Top 10%, Profits kept in companies €100.9bn

Result

€215.1 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros, a month

€1,140Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros €13,730

Result

€1,140

Why believe this?

V4, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column F (V4)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Profits kept in companies

€900mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V3: 0.4; row 10, V4: 0.5
As published: €0.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Pensions

€21.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Bottom 10–20%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €370bn
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €22.7bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€21.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Collective services

€34.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Bottom 10–20%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €332.8bn
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€34.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, paid a month per person

€510Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 10–20%, levies paid €41.7bn
Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million

Result

€510

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.1bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%

Result

€20.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

€610mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €79.3bn
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income

2.8%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn
CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

2.8%

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€130Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €10.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€130

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€20Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies €1.3bn
Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€20

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Health care

€28.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Bottom 20–30%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €249.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Health care €24bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€28.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, levies paid

€56.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €23.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €650m
Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €5.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income €687m
Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €718m
Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €12.5bn
Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €6.6bn

Result

€56.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products

€24.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€24.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

€650mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €813m
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income

€687mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€378m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€601m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €16.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income 4.1%

Result

€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€718mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€50Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn
Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€50

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V7, Individuals, millions, Insee + V8, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V7, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V8, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V8, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column J (V8)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, received a month per person

€1,900Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 30–40%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Bottom 30–40%, transfers received €155.2bn
Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,900

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production

€3.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53bn
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid

€11.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €107.7bn
Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.9bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€11.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production

€8.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €128.1bn
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€8.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, CSG

€9.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Bottom 30–40%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €149.8bn
Bottom 30–40%, CSG €9.2bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€9.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Income tax

€407mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Bottom 30–40%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €103.3bn
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax €400m
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions

€17.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €280.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €20.2bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€17.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions

€9.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €182.4bn
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €10.8bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€9.2 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros

€23,490Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 8 “4e décile (D4)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €23,490
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, transfers received

€143.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

From

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.7bn
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €36.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Health care €23.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Education €13.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €32.5bn

Result

€143.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits

€4.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €42.9bn
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.6bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€12.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €137.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €13bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€12.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Education

€13.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 40–50%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €141.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Education €12.3bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€13.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €41.4bn
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, CSG − Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income

From

Bottom 40–50%, CSG €11.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income €915m

Result

€10.4 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros, a month

€2,190Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros €26,280

Result

€2,190

Why believe this?

V11, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column M (V11)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Profits kept in companies

€2.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 10, V11: 1; row 10, V12: 1.3
As published: €2.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Pensions

€40.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 40–50%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €370bn
Top 40–50%, Pensions €43.6bn
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn

Result

€40.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Collective services

€32.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Top 40–50%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €332.8bn
Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn

Result

€32.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, paid a month per person

€1,210Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 40–50%, levies paid €99bn
Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,210

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products

€30.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%

Result

€30.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 40–50%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €79.3bn
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn

Result

€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income

6.6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 40–50%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn
CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn
Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn
Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn

Result

6.6%

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€220Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.3bn
Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€220

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€30Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies €2.4bn
Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million

Result

€30

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€4.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.2bn
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn

Result

€4.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Health care

€25.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 30–40%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €249.7bn
Top 30–40%, Health care €21.6bn
All groups, Health care €209.4bn

Result

€25.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, levies paid

€118.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions

From

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €32.7bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.2bn
Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.6bn
Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income €1.3bn
Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.6bn
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €30.4bn
Top 30–40%, Other contributions €18.3bn

Result

€118.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products

€34.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 30–40%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn

Result

€34.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%

Result

€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income

€1.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€945m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€1.1bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €16.9bn
Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income 7.9%

Result

€1.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn

Result

€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€130Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn
Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€130

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(V15, Individuals, millions, Insee + V16, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000

From

V15, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
V16, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4

Result

6,800,000

Why believe this?

V15, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column Q (V15)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, received a month per person

€1,750Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–30%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 20–30%, transfers received €142.9bn
Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million

Result

€1,750

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€6.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53bn
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn

Result

€6.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid

€6.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Social care and housing aid × Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid

From

Social care and housing aid €107.7bn
Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.6bn
All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn

Result

€6.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on production

€16.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production × Top 20–30%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production

From

Taxes on production €128.1bn
Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn
All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn

Result

€16.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, CSG

€19bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 20–30%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €149.8bn
Top 20–30%, CSG €18.7bn
All groups, CSG €147.2bn

Result

€19.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Income tax

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Top 20–30%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €103.3bn
Top 20–30%, Income tax €8.6bn
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn

Result

€8.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Pension contributions

€37.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 20–30%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €280.4bn
Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €43.5bn
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn

Result

€37.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Other contributions

€23.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 20–30%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €182.4bn
Top 20–30%, Other contributions €27.6bn
All groups, Other contributions €214bn

Result

€23.5 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros

€38,170Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
Caveat: Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.

Source

Source: Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
Where: Sheet “Données”, row 12 “8e décile (D8)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
Published: 2026
As published: €38,170
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, transfers received

€152.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 10–20%, Collective services

From

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €4.8bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €8.5bn
Top 10–20%, Pensions €48.6bn
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.5bn
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €11.2bn
Top 10–20%, Health care €22.1bn
Top 10–20%, Education €11.5bn
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €5.7bn
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
Top 10–20%, Collective services €32.2bn

Result

€152.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€3.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €42.9bn
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn

Result

€3.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€11.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €137.4bn
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €12bn
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn

Result

€11.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Education

€11.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Top 10–20%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €141.6bn
Top 10–20%, Education €10.4bn
All groups, Education €128.1bn

Result

€11.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €41.4bn
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€21.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, CSG − Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income

From

Top 10–20%, CSG €23.6bn
Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income €2.3bn

Result

€21.3 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros, a month

€3,990Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10

From

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros €47,900

Result

€3,990

Why believe this?

V19, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column U (V19)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column V (V20)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Outside France, levies paid

€200.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Outside France, Taxes on products + Outside France, Corporate tax + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)

From

Outside France, Taxes on products €14bn
Outside France, Corporate tax €15.9bn
Lenders outside France €158.2bn
International cooperation from the EU €3bn
Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €9.2bn

Result

€200.4 billion

Why believe this?

Outside France, Taxes on products

€14bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%

Result

€14.0 billion

Why believe this?

General government

€1,615bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Everything general government receives: the levies Insee attributes to people, other revenue, borrowing and transfers from abroad.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products + Taxes on production + Corporate tax + CSG on earnings and benefits + CSG on capital income + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth + Pension contributions + Other contributions + Lenders in France + Other revenue + Inheritance and gift duties + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Taxes on production €128.1bn
Corporate tax €79.3bn
CSG on earnings and benefits €133bn
CSG on capital income €16.9bn
Income tax €103.3bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
Pension contributions €280.4bn
Other contributions €182.4bn
Lenders in France €676m
Other revenue €156.3bn
Inheritance and gift duties €20.8bn
Lenders outside France €158.2bn
International cooperation from the EU €3bn
Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €9.2bn

Result

€1,615.3 billion

Why believe this?

Banque de France

€11.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of debt interest paid to the Banque de France.

Calculation

Computed as

Debt interest × Share of public debt held by the Banque de France ÷ 100

From

Debt interest €51.7bn
Share of public debt held by the Banque de France 21.9%

Result

€11.3 billion

Why believe this?

Repaid to the Banque de France

€7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public debt this holder let mature or sold, net, over the year: the State repaid it with new borrowing.

Calculation

Computed as

Borrowing × −Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France ÷ 100

From

Borrowing €151.9bn
Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France −4.6%

Result

€7.0 billion

Why believe this?

Unclassified spending

€878mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The gap between Eurostat's total spending and its later breakdown by purpose.

Calculation

Computed as

Debt interest and unclassified − Lenders outside France − Banque de France − Lenders in France

From

Debt interest and unclassified €52.6bn
Lenders outside France €25.8bn
Banque de France €11.3bn
Lenders in France €14.6bn

Result

€0.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, levies through companies

€30.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax

From

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €23.2bn
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €650m

Result

€30.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, levies through companies

€47.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

From

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €32.7bn
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.2bn

Result

€47.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, levies through companies

€138.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax

From

Top 10%, Taxes on products €50.9bn
Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.5bn
Top 10%, Corporate tax €52.1bn

Result

€138.4 billion

Why believe this?

Outside France, levies through companies

€29.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Outside France, Taxes on products + Outside France, Corporate tax

From

Outside France, Taxes on products €14bn
Outside France, Corporate tax €15.9bn

Result

€29.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, subsidies through companies

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €693m

Result

€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, subsidies through companies

€7.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.7bn

Result

€7.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, subsidies through companies

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production

From

Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €4.8bn
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €8.5bn

Result

€13.3 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products and production, 2023

€446.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products + Taxes on production

From

Taxes on products €318.8bn
Taxes on production €128.1bn

Result

€446.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10% → Social contributions, 2023

€5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.3bn
Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.7bn

Result

€5.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023

€6.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €5.9bn
Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €718m

Result

€6.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50% → Social contributions, 2023

€33.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €21.2bn
Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €12.1bn

Result

€33.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023

€21bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.6bn
Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.6bn
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn

Result

€21.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10–20% → Social contributions, 2023

€78.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions

From

Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €46.7bn
Top 10–20%, Other contributions €31.8bn

Result

€78.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023

€116.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.3bn
Top 10%, Income tax €66.5bn
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12bn

Result

€116.8 billion

Why believe this?

Social contributions → General government, 2023

€462.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions + Other contributions

From

Pension contributions €280.4bn
Other contributions €182.4bn

Result

€462.8 billion

Why believe this?

General government → Subsidies, 2023

€97.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on products €44.2bn
Subsidies on production €53bn

Result

€97.2 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Bottom 10%, 2023

€64.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

From

Bottom 10%, Health care €20.9bn
Bottom 10%, Education €20.7bn
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €19.2bn
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn

Result

€64.8 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Bottom 10–20%, 2023

€46.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits

From

Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €21.1bn
Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.3bn
Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €19.6bn

Result

€46.1 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Bottom 40–50%, 2023

€50.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure

From

Bottom 40–50%, Health care €23.3bn
Bottom 40–50%, Education €13.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.6bn
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn

Result

€50.6 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 40–50%, 2023

€55bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 40–50%, Pensions €40.6bn
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.3bn
Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €11.2bn

Result

€55.0 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Top 10–20%, 2023

€43.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure

From

Top 10–20%, Health care €22.1bn
Top 10–20%, Education €11.5bn
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €5.7bn
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn

Result

€43.4 billion