How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
Why believe this?
Economic affairs
€177.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF04time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €177,620.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Subsidies on products
€31.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €31.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
€309.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V9: 1.5; row 19, V10: 1.5
- As published
- €3.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Subsidies on products
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V19: 1.7; row 19, V20: 2.4
- As published
- €4.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production
€693mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Subsidies on production
€53bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Result
- €53.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6
- As published
- €1.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V11: 1.6; row 21, V12: 1.7
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Unemployment benefits
€46.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €46.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10%, Pensions- From
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V7: 18.6; row 31, V8: 17.7
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pensions
€47.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €47.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits
€5.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3
- As published
- €5.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V19: 2.9; row 32, V20: 2.5
- As published
- €5.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits
€16.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9
- As published
- €16.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€11.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1
- As published
- €11.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Health care
€209.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €209.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Health care
€17.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4
- As published
- €17.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Health care
€19.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
- As published
- €19.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Health care
€18.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V17: 9.1; row 40, V18: 9.4
- As published
- €18.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Health care
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8; row 40, V20: 7.9
- As published
- €15.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Education
€128.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €128.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Education
€18.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9
- As published
- €18.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Education
€12.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
- As published
- €12.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Education
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
- As published
- €10.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Education
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V19: 5.1; row 41, V20: 5.3
- As published
- €10.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid
€19.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Social care and housing aid
€107.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid
€12.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1
- As published
- €12.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid
€6.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
- As published
- €6.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Recreation, culture and religion
€41.4bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF08time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €41,417.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€52.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €52.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V1: 2.6; row 43, V2: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V9: 2.6; row 43, V10: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V19: 2.6; row 43, V20: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Collective services + Bottom 10–20%, Collective services + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services + Top 40–50%, Collective services + Top 30–40%, Collective services + Top 20–30%, Collective services + Top 10–20%, Collective services + Top 10%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €24.2bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
- Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
- Top 30–40%, Collective services €23.4bn
- Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn
- Top 10–20%, Collective services €23.2bn
- Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Collective services
€24bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8
- As published
- €24.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Collective services
€23bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
- As published
- €23.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products
€18.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €318.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports
€446.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products
€19.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1
- As published
- €19.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products
€28.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
- As published
- €28.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products
€41.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €41.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on products
€53.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V19: -19.9; row 18, V20: -33.3
- As published
- €53.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of consumption by visitors
4.4%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
- Caveat
- Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.
Why believe this?
Purchases of non-residents on the territory
€65.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Consumption by non-resident households on the economic territory (ESA P34), current prices.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nama_10_fcs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=CP_MEURna_item=P34time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €65,858.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Household consumption on the territory
€1,497bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nama_10_fcs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=CP_MEURna_item=P31_S14_DCtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,496,572.9 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Taxes on production
€128.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3
- As published
- €4.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8
- As published
- €11.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Taxes on income and wealth
€357.2bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, CSG and CRDS, corporate income tax, and the property wealth tax (IFI).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D5RECtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €357,244.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €700m
- Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m
- Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €800m
- Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €800m
- Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn
- Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.6bn
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax
€600mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3
- As published
- €0.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8
- As published
- €1.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of French companies' equity held outside France
20%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world, as a share of the shares issued by non-financial and financial corporations, at the end of the year (financial accounts).
- Competing figures
- 49.5%, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5. The Banque de France's survey covers the listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies, at market value, where non-residents hold half; the financial accounts cover every French company, listed or not, most of them held at home. The two bound the share of corporate tax that falls on owners outside France.
- Caveat
- Shares that French companies hold in one another count in the denominator, so a chain of holdings inside France dilutes the share held abroad; the listed-only figure of the Banque de France is the upper end of the range.
Calculation
- Computed as
Shares held by the rest of the world ÷ (Shares issued by non-financial corporations + Shares issued by financial corporations) × 100- From
- Result
- 20.0%
Why believe this?
Shares issued by non-financial corporations
€11,069bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S11finpos=LIABna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €11,069,025.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
CSG
€149.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, CSG
€9.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9
- As published
- €9.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, CSG
€18.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
- As published
- €18.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on income from investments, 2023
€9.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €9,444.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Net financial income
€10.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €10.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed
€10.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8
- As published
- €10.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6
- As published
- €18.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Income tax
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Income tax
€103.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Income tax
€100mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1
- As published
- €0.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Income tax
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€11.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V19: -2.9; row 25, V20: -8.8
- As published
- €11.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Pension contributions
€280.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Social contributions
€462.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D61RECtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €462,828.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6
- As published
- €9.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pension contributions
€28.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6
- As published
- €28.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other contributions
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Other contributions
€182.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions
€5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6
- As published
- €5.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other contributions
€16.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6
- As published
- €16.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Subsidies on production
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Social care and housing aid
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on production
€35.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG
€45.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Income tax
€66.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pension contributions
€79.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other contributions
€60.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Borrowing
€151.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The deficit: the part of public spending not covered by revenue, financed by issuing debt.
Calculation
- Computed as
− Net lending- From
- Net lending €−151.9bn
- Result
- €151,920.3 million
Why believe this?
Net lending
€−151.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Revenue minus expenditure of general government.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=B9time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €−151,920.3 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Inheritance and gift duties
€20.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on capital transfers (ESA D.91A): inheritance and gift duties.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_taxag(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13_S212na_item=D91Atime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €20,815.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-04
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Other revenue
€156.3bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public revenue that Insee does not attribute as a levy: sales of services and fees, property income, transfers received and capital taxes other than inheritance and gift duties; transfers from the rest of the world and those duties are drawn apart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Public revenue − Taxes on production and imports − Taxes on income and wealth − Social contributions − International cooperation from the EU − Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) − Inheritance and gift duties- From
- Result
- €156,294.5 million
Why believe this?
International cooperation from the EU
€3bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74REC_S212time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €3,017.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Paid to the State by the Banque de France
€0mObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for the year.
Source
- Source
- Banque de France, Banque de France
- Where
- Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
- Published
- March 2025
- It says
2023: ordinary result −€12.4bn, absorbed by provisions; net result nil, nothing paid to the State.
- As published
- €0.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Public debt held in France, end 2022
€1,521bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €1,520,747.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2022
€2,956bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €2,955,639.1 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Share of public debt held outside France
49.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's average holdings of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders'.
- Caveat
- Interest split by the average of the holdings at the start and end of the year: Eurostat does not publish interest paid by government by holder. Holders of older, low-coupon bonds receive less than their share of the stock. The Banque de France bought most of its holdings in 2015 to 2022 at low coupons; the Eurosystem stopped reinvesting maturing bonds of its asset purchase programme (APP) in July 2023 and of its pandemic programme (PEPP) at the end of 2024 (ECB), so its share of the stock falls.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022 + Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2022 + Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 49.9%
Why believe this?
Share of CAC 40 companies held outside France
49.5%Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Shares of the French companies of the CAC 40 held by non-residents, at market value, as a share of their market capitalisation, at the end of the year.
- Caveat
- Listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies only.
Source
- Source
- Banque de France, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5
- Where
- p. 1; raw/bdf_bulletin_255-5_cac40.pdf
- Published
- December 2024
- It says
Fin 2023, les non-résidents détenaient 1 093 milliards d'euros d'actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40, sur une capitalisation boursière totale de 2 207 milliards d'euros, soit un taux de détention de 49,5 %.
- As published
- 49.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
V1, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column C (V1)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, paid a month per person
€380Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, levies paid €30.9bn
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €380
Why believe this?
Living standard at D1, constant 2024 euros
€13,730Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 5 “1er décile (D1)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €13,730
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Health care
€33.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, levies paid
€41.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €20.2bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €487m
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €3.3bn
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income €469m
- Bottom 10–20%, Income tax €102m
- Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €410m
- Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €8.4bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €4.3bn
- Result
- €41.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products
€21.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG on capital income
€469mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €265m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €410m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€410mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€40Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income €3bn
- Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €40
Why believe this?
V5, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column G (V5)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Profits kept in companies
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V5: 0.5; row 10, V6: 0.8
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, received a month per person
€1,890Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 20–30%, transfers received €154bn
- Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,890
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Pensions
€31.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Collective services
€33.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax
€813mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income
4.1%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 4.1%
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€150Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €150
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Profits kept in companies €1.1bn
- Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, transfers received
€155.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.2bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €33.8bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €13.1bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Health care €32.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Education €14.3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €11.9bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €33.4bn
- Result
- €155.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Education
€14.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax
€569mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€8.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros, a month
€1,960Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros €23,490
- Result
- €1,960
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
V9, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column K (V9)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V10, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column L (V10)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid
€9.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, paid a month per person
€1,040Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, levies paid €85bn
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,040
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products
€27.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG
€11.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Income tax
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions
€12.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D5, constant 2024 euros
€26,280Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 9 “Médiane (D5)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €26,280
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Health care
€25.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, levies paid
€99bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 40–50%, Other contributions- From
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €30.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.1bn
- Top 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €12.1bn
- Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income €1.1bn
- Top 40–50%, Income tax €2.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.5bn
- Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €24.2bn
- Top 40–50%, Other contributions €14.3bn
- Result
- €99.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products
€32bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG on capital income
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €744m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €964m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€90Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 30–40%, Net financial income €7.5bn
- Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €90
Why believe this?
V14, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column P (V14)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Profits kept in companies
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V13: 1.2; row 10, V14: 1.2
- As published
- €2.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, received a month per person
€1,810Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 30–40%, transfers received €148bn
- Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,810
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pensions
€41.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Collective services
€32.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income
7.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 30–40%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 7.9%
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€250Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.5bn
- Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €250
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€60Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–30%, Profits kept in companies €4.6bn
- Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €60
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, transfers received
€142.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–30%, Health care + Top 20–30%, Education + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–30%, Collective services- From
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.7bn
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €6.7bn
- Top 20–30%, Pensions €44.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.2bn
- Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.1bn
- Top 20–30%, Health care €18.6bn
- Top 20–30%, Education €12bn
- Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.1bn
- Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
- Top 20–30%, Collective services €32bn
- Result
- €142.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits
€11.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Education
€12bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€17.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros, a month
€3,180Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros €38,170
- Result
- €3,180
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
V18, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column T (V18)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€5.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, paid a month per person
€2,270Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, levies paid €185.5bn
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €2,270
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products
€39.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on production
€20.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, CSG
€23.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Income tax
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions
€46.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other contributions
€31.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros
€47,900Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 13 “9e décile (D9)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €47,900
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€950Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €950
Why believe this?
Top 10%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Top 10%, received a month per person
€2,150Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, transfers received €175.6bn
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €2,150
Why believe this?
Outside France, Corporate tax
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Lenders outside France
€158.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of borrowing lent by non-residents.
Why believe this?
Levies through companies
€526.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax: companies pay them, people bear them.
Why believe this?
Lenders outside France
€25.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of debt interest paid to non-resident holders.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, levies through companies
€24.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, levies through companies
€43.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, subsidies through companies
€7.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, subsidies through companies
€11.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Why believe this?
Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€261bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Subsidies, 2023
€97.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20% → Social contributions, 2023
€12.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€10bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50% → Social contributions, 2023
€38.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€28.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Taxes on capital → General government, 2023
€96.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Subsidies → Through companies, 2023
€97.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Bottom 20–30%, 2023
€51.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Bottom 30–40%, 2023
€63bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure- From
- Result
- €63.0 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Top 30–40%, 2023
€56.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 20–30%, 2023
€40.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.