How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

8 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Why believe this?

Public debt transactions

€58.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0107 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€58,870.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Defence

€1.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0204 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,682.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Public order and safety

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0305 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting

€6.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0402 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€6,198.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Pollution abatement

€4.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0503 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€4,268.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Medical products, appliances and equipment

€43.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0701 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€43,714.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.

€232mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0806 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€231.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Education

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0907 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Sickness and disability

€83.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1001 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€83,898.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Social protection n.e.c.

€3.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1009 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€3,727.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Régime spécial d'imposition des assistants maternels et des assistants familiaux régis par les articles L. 421-1 et suivants et L. 423-1 et suivants du code de l'action sociale et des familles

€427mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120501
Published
October 2025
As published
€427.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons faits par les entreprises à des œuvres ou organismes d'intérêt général

€1.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 210309
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,635.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production d'œuvres audiovisuelles

€224mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 320129
Published
October 2025
As published
€224.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d’impôt à raison des investissements effectués dans le secteur du logement social dans les départements d’outre-mer

€258mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 320136
Published
October 2025
As published
€258.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des services rendus aux personnes physiques par les associations agréées en application de l'article L. 7232-1 du code du travail

€245mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 720107
Published
October 2025
As published
€245.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 10 % pour les prestations d’hébergement fournies dans le cadre du secteur hôtelier ou de secteurs ayant une fonction similaire et pour les locations de logements meublés à usage résidentiel assorties de prestations annexes

€695mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730205
Published
October 2025
As published
€695.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit (remboursement) pour les gazoles utilisés comme carburant par les véhicules routiers de transport de marchandises d'au moins 7,5 tonnes

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 800221
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,178.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit (remboursement ou application dès la facturation) pour les gazoles, les fiouls lourds et les gaz de pétrole liquéfiés utilisés pour les travaux agricoles et forestiers

€1.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 800229
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,754.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération pour les véhicules de tourisme pour les véhicules hybrides électriques présentant une autonomie en mode tout électrique supérieure à 50 km

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 940103
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,199.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from abroad

73.9%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat
Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2024 − Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100
From
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 €1,589bn
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024 €1,738bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2024 €3,306bn
Result
73.9%

Why believe this?

Share of net wealth above P50, WID

95.2%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of net personal wealth held by the adults above this rank, as WID publishes it, to four decimals.
Caveat
WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Source

Source
World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where
variable shwealj992, percentile p50p100, year 2024
Published
9 September 2026
It says
FR;shwealj992;p50p100;2024;0.9516
As published
95.2%
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

80 and over, net received a month per person

€2,940Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
What the group receives less what it pays, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, received a month per person − 80 and over, paid a month per person
From
  • 80 and over, received a month per person €3,780
  • 80 and over, paid a month per person €840
Result
€2,940

Why believe this?

Defence

€51.2bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Military and civil defence.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF02 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€51,179.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years

293,467Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y86 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
293,467 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years

267,310Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y87 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
267,310 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 91 years

177,323Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y91 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
177,323 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years

87,754Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y94 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
87,754 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years

19,114Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y99 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
19,114 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 2 years

701,058Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
701,058 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 5 years

748,093Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y5 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
748,093 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 11 years

846,155Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y11 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
846,155 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 14 years

866,043Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y14 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
866,043 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 19 years

810,270Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y19 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
810,270 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 20 years

787,905Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y20 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
787,905 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 25 years

757,967Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y25 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
757,967 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 28 years

777,205Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y28 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
777,205 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 32 years

835,055Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y32 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
835,055 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 33 years

847,135Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y33 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
847,135 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years

887,177Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y42 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
887,177 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 43 years

845,237Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y43 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
845,237 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 50 years

930,714Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y50 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
930,714 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 55 years

878,302Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y55 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
878,302 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 58 years

903,103Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y58 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
903,103 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 61 years

851,312Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y61 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
851,312 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 64 years

831,367Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y64 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
831,367 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 69 years

752,562Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y69 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
752,562 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 76 years

653,579Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y76 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
653,579 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 77 years

639,044Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y77 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
639,044 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

62,700Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
62,700
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

510,372Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
510,372
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

57,288Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
57,288
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights

464,832Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 17, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
464,832
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights

419,772Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 22, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
419,772
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights

24,984Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 03, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
24,984
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

191,220Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
191,220
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

400,224Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
400,224
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

496,452Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
496,452
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

5,652Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
5,652
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

416,616Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
416,616
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

8,892Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
8,892
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

103,176Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
103,176
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights

106,020Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 16, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
106,020
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

234,816Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
234,816
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 18 to 29, 2023

€32,900Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€32,900
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023

€3,236Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 30 to 39, 2023 ÷ 100
From
  • Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 7%
  • Mean disposable income of households, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €46,230
Result
€3,236

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 65 to 74, 2023

€38,980Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 9 “De 65 à 74 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€38,980
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions

€370bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Social protection × Pensions ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
From
Result
€370.0 billion

Why believe this?

Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection

€707.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions + Unemployment benefits + Other cash benefits + Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€707.5 billion

Why believe this?

80 and over, Health care

€50.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Health care × 80 and over, share of Health care by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Health care €249.7bn
  • 80 and over, share of Health care by age profile 20.4%
Result
€50.9 billion

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Education by age profile

0.0082%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Each pupil or student costs the spending per pupil of their level, public and private institutions together; enrolment under two is Eurostat's early-childhood education. Training of adults and apprentices outside schools is counted by their enrolment only.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = education of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Enrolment by single age and level, priced at spending per pupil. Sources: Eurostat, Pupils and students enrolled by education level, sex and age (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024); Eurostat, Expenditure on educational institutions per pupil and student by education level (2023).
From
  • Spending per pupil or student, pre-primary €8,493
  • Spending per pupil or student, primary €8,352
  • Spending per pupil or student, lower secondary €9,968
  • Spending per pupil or student, upper secondary €13,074
  • Spending per pupil or student, tertiary €15,856
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
0.0%

Why believe this?

Departments' help to the elderly in care homes, 2023, € thousands

3.9 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Source

Source
DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where
Sheet “Données nationales”, row 63 “Aide à l’accueil, dont :”, column AB
Published
17 April 2026
As published
3,916,553
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale by age profile

6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Spread equally over residents: the National Transfer Accounts convention for public goods that no one consumes by age.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = per_capita of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: The same amount per person at every age. Sources: Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex (the year of the view).
From
Result
6.0%

Why believe this?

80 and over, Taxes on production

€316mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × 80 and over, share of Taxes on production by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Taxes on production €128.1bn
  • 80 and over, share of Taxes on production by age profile 0.2%
Result
€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€79.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on income and wealth × Corporate tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€79.3 billion

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %

19.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
19.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100

32,237Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 €420,300
  • Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 28%
  • Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 4.5%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
Result
32,237

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024

€420,300Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column B
Published
26 February 2026
As published
€420,300
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %

4.5%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
4.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023

100%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column D
Published
17 February 2026
As published
100.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Property income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

20.6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column G
Published
17 February 2026
As published
20.6%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Other contributions

€450mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × 80 and over, share of Other contributions by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Other contributions €182.4bn
  • 80 and over, share of Other contributions by age profile 0.2%
Result
€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, received a month per person

€1,270Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ 40–49, people, 2023 ÷ 12
From
Result
€1,270

Why believe this?

40–49, Subsidies on production

€13.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × 40–49, share of Subsidies on production by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Subsidies on production €53bn
  • 40–49, share of Subsidies on production by age profile 25.9%
Result
€13.7 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Pensions by age profile

0.1%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Pension per person at each age at the end of 2022 (direct pensions by single age, survivors' pensions by DREES's age pyramid of survivors, under 50 and over 90 spread by population), applied to the population of the year.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = pensions of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Direct pensions by single age (retirees × average pension), and survivors' pensions by five-year band. Sources: DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022).
From
  • Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022 16,062
  • Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022 3,826.9
  • Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022 €739
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
0.1%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Aides au logement et chèque énergie by age profile

20.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Housing benefits are counted at the age of the claimant, not shared among the household's members.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = housing of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Housing benefits by age of the claimant. Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
20.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × 40–49, share of Culture and leisure by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Culture and leisure €41.4bn
  • 40–49, share of Culture and leisure by age profile 12.5%
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of CSG by age profile

20.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The CSG's three bases (CCSS) each spread by its own profile: earnings, pensions for all replacement income, gross wealth for capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = csg of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital. Sources: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn
  • CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn
  • CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022 16,062
  • Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022 3,826.9
  • Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022 €739
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 9,604.8
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 39,220
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 61,021.6
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 88,312
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 77,237.5
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 99,190.8
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
20.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Income tax by age profile

20.6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
No source publishes income tax by age of the declarant: DGFiP's statistics are by decile, rate band, commune or kind of income, and DGFiP Analyses n° 10 counts tax households by age without amounts; ERFS T03 gives direct taxes (income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax together) by age of the household's reference person. Each profile is therefore an allocation scenario, and the view shows the range of three: the CSG yields by age times T03's direct taxes over earnings, pensions and property income by age (central); T03's direct taxes times TRD04's mean disposable income, per household of each age; and the CSG yields alone, income tax in proportion to them. All three rest on direct taxes or the CSG; no independent source of income tax by age was found, so the range is narrower than the uncertainty.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = income_tax of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by age × Insee's ratio of direct taxes to income by age (allocation scenario). Sources: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 14.5%
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 15.6%
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 16.9%
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 19.5%
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 15.9%
  • Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 14.9%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 99.2%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 101.7%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 100%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 91.5%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 14.9%
  • Activity, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 4.2%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 2.5%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 0.9%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 1.7%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 12.2%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 80.5%
  • Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 88.8%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 4.7%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023 4.9%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 8%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 11.3%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 18.2%
  • Property income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 20.6%
  • CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn
  • CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn
  • CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022 16,062
  • Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022 3,826.9
  • Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022 €739
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 9,604.8
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 39,220
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 61,021.6
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 88,312
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 77,237.5
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 99,190.8
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
20.6%

Why believe this?

40–49, Pension contributions

€72.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × 40–49, share of Pension contributions by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Pension contributions €280.4bn
  • 40–49, share of Pension contributions by age profile 25.9%
Result
€72.6 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1 by age profile

25.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Taxes on products

€33.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€33.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V5, Extended primary income, Insee

€40.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column G (V5)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€40.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V14, Extended primary income, Insee

€103.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column P (V14)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€103.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products

€39.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V10: -14.6; row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5; row 18, V13: -16.7
As published
€39.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95

€7.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V19: -13.2
As published
€7.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Corporate tax, Insee

€6.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€6.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Corporate tax, Insee

€57.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€57.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Corporate tax

€78.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€78.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Corporate tax

€1.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7; row 22, V15: -1.2
As published
€1.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax

€4.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95 €3.8bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95 €1.1bn
Result
€4.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax

€3.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0553), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, CSG

€15.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V16: -9.8; row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
As published
€15.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95

€5.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1976), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, CSG, Insee €15.4bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, CSG, Insee €29.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€5.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95

€8.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
As published
€8.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Rents, actual and imputed

€166.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
From
  • Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed €29bn
  • Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.7bn
  • Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed €19.8bn
  • Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.8bn
  • Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed €17.1bn
  • Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €16.4bn
  • Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed €15.1bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.1bn
  • Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed €8.9bn
  • Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn
  • Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn
  • Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn
  • Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn
  • Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn
Result
€166.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed

€19.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
As published
€19.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95

€9.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V19: -15.9
As published
€9.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€8.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
As published
€1.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95

€20.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V19: -35.7
As published
€20.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Other contributions

€22.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
As published
€22.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions

€24.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 €14.9bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95 €9.6bn
Result
€24.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions

€2.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0567), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€2.6 billion

Why believe this?

Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee

68.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
68
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€43.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Taxes on production

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
As published
€15.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Corporate tax

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, CSG

€2.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, CSG

€15bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
As published
€15.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG

€12.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€12.2 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V10: 2.1; row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3; row 8, V13: 3.4
As published
€7.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95

€8.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
As published
€8.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Income tax

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0; row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1; row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0; row 24, V7: -0.2
As published
€2.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Pension contributions

€328.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
From
  • Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn
  • Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn
  • Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn
  • Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn
  • Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn
  • Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn
  • Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €30bn
  • Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €23.9bn
  • Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.8bn
  • Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn
  • Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.8bn
  • Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.8bn
  • Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.8bn
Result
€328.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions

€34.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
As published
€34.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other contributions

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€50.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 10%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
  • Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn
  • Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%
Result
€50.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on products

€34.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5
As published
€34.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on production

€127.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Taxes on production
From
  • Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €9.9bn
  • Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn
  • Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn
  • Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn
  • Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.3bn
  • Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn
Result
€127.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on production

€16.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
As published
€16.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€65.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 10%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€65.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax

€700mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4
As published
€0.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, CSG

€147.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG + Bottom 10–20%, CSG + Bottom 20–30%, CSG + Bottom 30–40%, CSG + Bottom 40–50%, CSG + Top 40–50%, CSG + Top 30–40%, CSG + Top 20–30%, CSG + Top 10–20%, CSG + Top 10%, CSG
From
Result
€147.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, CSG

€3.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2
As published
€3.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Net financial income

€5.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3
As published
€5.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed

€36.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V19: 14.9; row 9, V20: 21.4
As published
€36.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed

€6.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6
As published
€6.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€24.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
As published
€24.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Income tax

€101.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10%, Income tax
From
Result
€101.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Income tax

€8.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
As published
€8.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Pension contributions

€43.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
As published
€43.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other contributions

€214bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions
From
  • Bottom 10%, Other contributions €2bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €5bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €7.7bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €10.8bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €14.2bn
  • Top 40–50%, Other contributions €16.8bn
  • Top 30–40%, Other contributions €21.5bn
  • Top 20–30%, Other contributions €27.6bn
  • Top 10–20%, Other contributions €37.3bn
  • Top 10%, Other contributions €71.1bn
Result
€214.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3
As published
€10.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€3.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6
As published
€3.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V15: 2.3; row 21, V16: 2.5
As published
€4.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pensions

€61.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Top 10%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€61.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Pensions

€43.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4
As published
€43.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V13: 2; row 32, V14: 1.8
As published
€3.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€13bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
As published
€13.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Health care

€21.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8
As published
€21.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Education

€10.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3
As published
€10.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Social care and housing aid

€116.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid
From
  • Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.7bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €22.4bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €14.1bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.9bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.4bn
  • Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.3bn
  • Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €8.2bn
  • Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.6bn
  • Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6.2bn
  • Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.5bn
Result
€116.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€9.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9
As published
€9.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Collective services

€23.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8
As published
€23.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax

€711mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Bottom 10%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pensions

€9.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Bottom 10%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€9.9 billion