How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
Researchers per 1,000 in employment, France against its synthetic, 2008-2012
9.4%Estimated2012
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gap between France's researchers per thousand in employment (all sectors, OECD MSTI) and its synthetic counterpart over 2008-2012, as a share of the synthetic level. The synthetic France is fitted on 1995-2007, from donors whose R&D tax incentives did not change.
- Caveat
- Rank p-value 0.10: the share of the 10 units, France and its placebos, whose fit worsens as much after 2008. With so few donors 0.10 is the smallest value possible. The series counts researchers in every sector, not only in firms.
Source
- Source
- This site, Synthetic control of the CIR (analysis/cir.ml)
- Where
- design=researchers-2008, unit=FRA, 2008-2012
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 9.4%
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Territoires d'industrie: 2018 communes, industrial jobs (census), 2021
−6%Estimated2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Change in industrial jobs (census) from the 2015 to the 2021 census in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100). The 2021 census pools the surveys of 2019-2023.
- Caveat
- 95% confidence interval -11.0 to -1.0 (standard errors clustered by département): distinguishable from zero at 95%. Range across matching draws -15.4 to 4.4, which measures how much the estimate depends on the draw, not sampling uncertainty.
Source
- Source
- This site, Matched evaluation of place-based programmes (analysis/places.ml)
- Where
- design=ti, outcome=industry_jobs, year=2021
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- −6.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Additionality: communes entering ZRR in 2017, population (census), 2021
−1.4%Estimated2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Change in population (census) from the 2015 to the 2021 census in the treated communes, minus the change in their matched controls, in % (log points × 100). The 2021 census pools the surveys of 2019-2023.
- Caveat
- 95% confidence interval -2.3 to -0.5 (standard errors clustered by département): distinguishable from zero at 95%. Range across matching draws -3.6 to 0.7, which measures how much the estimate depends on the draw, not sampling uncertainty.
Source
- Source
- This site, Matched evaluation of the ZRR (analysis/zrr.ml)
- Where
- design=additionality, outcome=population, year=2021
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- −1.4%
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
General public services n.e.c.
€867mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0106time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €866.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Defence n.e.c.
€2.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0205time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €2,580.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Prisons
€5.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0304time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €5,119.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Fuel and energy
€15.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0403time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €15,460.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Waste water management
€5.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0502time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €5,200.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing development
€8.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0601time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €8,415.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Subsidiary services to education
€20bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0906time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €20,022.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Social protection
€0mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1008time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Demi-part supplémentaire, ou quart de part supplémentaire en cas de résidence alternée des enfants à charge, accordée aux parents isolés
€849mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110110
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €849.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction d'impôt au titre des frais de dépendance et d'hébergement pour les personnes dépendantes accueillies en établissement spécialisé
€270mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110213
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €270.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération partielle de la prise en charge par l'employeur, une collectivité territoriale ou l’opérateur France Travail, des frais de transport entre le domicile et le lieu de travail
€217mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120113
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €217.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Abattement de 10 % sur le montant des pensions (y compris les pensions alimentaires) et des retraites
€4.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120401
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €4,803.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Imposition au taux forfaitaire des prestations de retraite versées sous forme de capital : 12,8 % pour la part correspondant aux produits provenant d'un plan d'épargne retraite ; 7,5 % pour les autres prestations de retraite servies sous forme de capital
€328mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120508
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €328.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des intérêts des livrets A
€950mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 140102
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €950.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération ou imposition réduite des produits attachés aux bons ou contrats de capitalisation et d'assurance-vie
€582mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 140119
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €582.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt famille
€209mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 210308
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €209.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Détermination du résultat imposable des entreprises de transport maritime en fonction du tonnage de leurs navires
€625mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 320119
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €625.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 10 % pour les travaux d’amélioration, de transformation, d’aménagement et d’entretien, autres que les travaux de rénovation énergétiques soumis au taux de 5,5 % en application de l’article 278-0 bis A, portant sur les logements achevés depuis plus de deux ans
€2.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730213
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €2,195.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Tarif réduit pour les gaz naturels consommés comme combustible dans les installations grandes consommatrices d’énergie et soumises au régime des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre du dispositif ETS pour les installations fixes (niveau d'intensité énergétique au moins égal à 3 % en valeur de production ou 0,5 % en valeur ajoutée)
€673mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 830201
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €673.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération pour les véhicules dont la source d’énergie est exclusivement l'électricité, l'hydrogène ou une combinaison des deux
€1.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 940102
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,091.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Smaller tax expenditures, under EUR 200m each
€10.7bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- All measures under EUR 200m
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €10,703.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Cost of tax expenditures, 2024
€89.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sum of the cost of every tax expenditure, as revenue forgone, before any behavioural response.
- Competing figures
- €103.1bn, Cour des comptes, NEB 2026, p. 5. Counts VAT measures at their full revenue loss, as before 2024.
- Caveat
- The ministry itself warns that the sum “est donc dépourvue de réelle signification”, since measures interact. VAT measures count only the cost left to the State after its transfers to social security and local authorities.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- p. 13 and table p. 16
- Published
- October 2025
- It says
Le montant des dépenses fiscales s'est élevé à 89,4 Md€ en 2024 (montant définitif, +6,1 Md€ par rapport aux prévisions)
- As published
- €89,406.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from abroad
91.8%Estimated2025
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2025 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2025 − Public debt, all holders, end 2024) × 100- From
- Result
- 91.8%
Why believe this?
Duties as a share of what is passed on
6.9%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Inheritance and gift duties collected in 2024, as a share of the estimated annual flow of inheritances and gifts.
- Caveat
- The flow is the CAE's estimate for about 2020 and may have changed since.
Why believe this?
Public order and safety
€48.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Police, justice, prisons and fire.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF03time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €48,711.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €10,833.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 86 years
294,601Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y86time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 294,601 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years
277,246Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y87time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 277,246 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years
196,799Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y90time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 196,799 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years
66,223Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y95time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 66,223 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 98 years
28,314Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y98time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 28,314 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 3 years
703,926Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y3time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 703,926 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 4 years
731,562Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y4time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 731,562 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 10 years
829,697Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y10time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 829,697 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 15 years
861,451Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y15time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 861,451 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 18 years
827,859Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y18time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 827,859 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 21 years
788,021Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y21time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 788,021 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 24 years
768,835Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y24time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 768,835 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 29 years
767,461Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y29time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 767,461 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 32 years
822,155Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y32time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 822,155 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 33 years
834,288Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y33time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 834,288 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years
898,493Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y42time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 898,493 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years
905,206Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y43time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 905,206 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 51 years
923,166Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 923,166 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 54 years
888,739Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y54time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 888,739 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 59 years
888,421Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y59time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 888,421 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 60 years
855,922Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y60time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 855,922 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 65 years
807,837Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y65time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 807,837 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 68 years
772,724Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y68time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 772,724 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 76 years
688,202Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y76time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 688,202 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 77 years
483,621Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y77time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 483,621 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
€78,018Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The mean of a Pareto tail above 50,000 euros whose coefficient α matches the employees paid 40,000 euros or more and 50,000 euros or more.
Calculation
- Computed as
50,000 × α ÷ (α − 1), α = ln((Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights + Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights) ÷ Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights) ÷ ln(50,000 ÷ 40,000)- From
- Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 1.8 million
- Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 2.1 million
- Result
- €78,018
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights
175,092Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 03, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 175,092
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights
529,296Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 14, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 529,296
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
113,568Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 113,568
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights
510,924Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 16, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 510,924
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights
401,388Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 23, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 401,388
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights
6,600Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 02, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 6,600
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
190,632Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 190,632
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
361,512Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 361,512
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights
751,260Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 20, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 751,260
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights
19,752Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 03, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 19,752
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights
347,196Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 14, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 347,196
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights
8,772Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 00, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 8,772
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights
114,108Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 08, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 114,108
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights
100,944Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 17, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 100,944
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights
139,020Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 22, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 139,020
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023
5.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column D
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 5.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023
€827Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 75 to 100, 2023 ÷ 100- From
- Result
- €827
Why believe this?
Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %
9.2%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of households whose reference person is of this age.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 9.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022
€739Estimated2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross monthly survivor's pension, euros.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
- Where
- Sheet “2.4-a”, row 23 “2022”, column F
- Published
- 30 October 2024
- As published
- €739
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Unemployment benefits
€42.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Unemployment benefit recipients, December 2023
3.1 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Jobseekers paid an unemployment benefit in the month, all schemes, France.
Source
- Source
- France Travail, Allocataires indemnisés, and montant moyen de l'allocation d'assurance chômage, par sexe et âge
- Where
- Sheet “Indemnisés France sexe age”, men and women summed
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 3,108,570
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€137.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Public health insurance reimbursement per person, 2023
€2,496Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Average amount reimbursed by mandatory health insurance per insured person, all care.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge
- Where
- Classe d'âge _Ensemble
- Published
- 13 April 2026
- It says
_Ensemble: €2496; 51 - 60 ans: €2557; 31 - 40 ans: €1477; 00 - 10 ans: €925; 61 - 70 ans: €3822; 41 - 50 ans: €1713; 11 - 20 ans: €887; 80 ans et plus: €7858; 71 - 80 ans: €5587; 21 - 30 ans: €1134
- As published
- €2,496
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Education
€141.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Spending per pupil or student, primary
€8,352Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
educ_uoe_fini04(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=EURsector=TOT_SECisced11=ED1time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €8,352
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
CNAF, housing benefits (ALF, ALS, APL) paid in 2023
€14,995,071,158Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: housing benefits (ALF, ALS, APL).
Source
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €14,995,071,158
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€41.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
80 and over, levies paid
€41.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
80 and over, Taxes on products + 80 and over, Taxes on production + 80 and over, Corporate tax + 80 and over, CSG on earnings and benefits + 80 and over, CSG on capital income + 80 and over, Income tax + 80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth + 80 and over, Pension contributions + 80 and over, Other contributions- From
- 80 and over, Taxes on products €18.5bn
- 80 and over, Taxes on production €316m
- 80 and over, Corporate tax €6.5bn
- 80 and over, CSG on earnings and benefits €6.7bn
- 80 and over, CSG on capital income €1.7bn
- 80 and over, Income tax €5.1bn
- 80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.4bn
- 80 and over, Pension contributions €692m
- 80 and over, Other contributions €450m
- Result
- €41.4 billion
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
€351.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
CSG
€147.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €147.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49
19,710Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Result
- 19,710
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024
€367,600Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €367,600
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Professional wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %
15.6%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column E
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 15.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %
22.9%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 22.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29
9,604.8Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Why believe this?
80 and over, CSG on capital income
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
19.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 19.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023
2.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column B
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 2.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023
80.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column F
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 80.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023
4.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column C
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 4.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, Other cash benefits
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Overall tax rate, the 75 richest households
26%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- The same rate for the richest 0.0002% of tax households (75), whose income is mostly profits kept in the companies they control.
- Caveat
- 2016 tax data, before the 2018 replacement of the wealth tax by a property tax and the flat tax on capital income.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 1
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
le taux d'imposition global devient régressif, passant de 46 % pour les 0,1 % les plus riches, à 26 % pour les 0,0002 % les plus riches (les « milliardaires »)
- As published
- 26.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, levies paid
€54.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €770m
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €36.4bn
- Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits €1bn
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €450m
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €10bn
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €1.5bn
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €1.5bn
- Result
- €54.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
V4, Extended primary income, Insee
€32.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column F (V4)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €32.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V15, Extended primary income, Insee
€117.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column Q (V15)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €117.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on products €73.4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products €43.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €39.5bn
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €34.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €31.4bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €27.8bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €23.2bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €18.7bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €15.9bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.7bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.4bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.2bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €1.8bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Taxes on production
€22.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €22.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0343), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0492), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, CSG
€29.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €29.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V10: -5.8; row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8; row 23, V13: -7.6
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€13.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4557), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €13.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
€450mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €654m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €578m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €16.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Income tax
€49.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €49.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.7bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.9bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €681m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €738m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €823m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €976m
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.6bn
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V16: -1.2; row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€36.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €36.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Other contributions
€45.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column V (V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V20: -32.3; row 27, V20: -5.1; row 28, V20: -7.7
- As published
- €45.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €4.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee
€7.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €7.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0669), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products
€39.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V10: -14.6; row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5; row 18, V13: -16.7
- As published
- €39.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€13.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €13.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €7.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Corporate tax
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7; row 22, V15: -1.2
- As published
- €1.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€13.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG
€15.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V16: -9.8; row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
- As published
- €15.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9; row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €10.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed
€29bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
- As published
- €29.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95
€9.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €9.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95
€20.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €20.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€22.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
- As published
- €22.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€22.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products
€32bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5
- As published
- €32.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3
- As published
- €2.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on production
€20.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
- As published
- €20.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax
€800mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
- As published
- €0.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG
€44.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V19: -15.4; row 23, V20: -29.3
- As published
- €44.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, CSG
€6.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7
- As published
- €6.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Net financial income
€7.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1
- As published
- €7.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €20.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Income tax
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0
- As published
- €2.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Income tax
€16.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
- As published
- €16.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8
- As published
- €1.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5
- As published
- €3.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions
€54.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €54.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products
€3.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6
- As published
- €3.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production
€500mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V1: 0.2; row 21, V2: 0.3
- As published
- €0.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€6.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
- As published
- €6.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pensions
€44.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8
- As published
- €44.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V11: 1.6; row 32, V12: 1.9
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Health care
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V11: 10.5; row 40, V12: 10.7
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Education
€11.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Education
€11.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7
- As published
- €11.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9
- As published
- €8.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V3: 2.6; row 43, V4: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Collective services
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8
- As published
- €23.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V2, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column D (V2)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.