How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

8 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Why believe this?

Basic research

€19.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0104 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€19,880.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public order and safety n.e.c.

€1.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0306 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,864.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

General economic, commercial and labour affairs

€45.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0401 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€45,256.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Economic affairs n.e.c.

€2.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0409 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€2,609.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Water supply

€2.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0603 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€2,847.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Outpatient services

€91.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0702 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€91,789.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Recreation, culture and religion

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0805 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Tertiary education

€12.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0904 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€12,307.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Old age

€392bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1002 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€391,954.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Réduction d'impôt sur le revenu à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements et collectivités d'outre-mer

€775mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110224
Published
October 2025
As published
€775.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réduction d'impôt pour frais de scolarité dans l'enseignement supérieur

€217mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110242
Published
October 2025
As published
€217.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération de la participation des employeurs au financement des titres-restaurant

€519mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120111
Published
October 2025
As published
€519.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération totale ou partielle des sommes versées aux salariés détachés à l'étranger

€369mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120124
Published
October 2025
As published
€369.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt en faveur de l'innovation

€330mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 200310
Published
October 2025
As published
€330.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des organismes d'HLM et des offices publics d'aménagement et de construction (OPAC)

€400mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 300102
Published
October 2025
As published
€400.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Cost of tax expenditures with no end date

€79.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
2024 cost of the measures with no end date.
Caveat
Computed by this site from the 465 fiches (pp. 47-212), published as tax-expenditures.csv; the parsed 2024 costs add up to the official €89,406 million. Measures costed “nc”, “ε” or “-” count as zero.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Fiches, fields “Fin du fait générateur” and “Chiffrage 2024”
Published
October 2025
As published
€79,641.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Interest on public debt, 2026, government forecast

€79.2bnHypothetical2026

Definition

What it counts
Interest paid by general government in 2026, as forecast by the Government.
Caveat
A forecast for the current year, made in September 2026; it is not a measurement. The Government's spending excludes tax credits and its levies are compulsory levies only, so neither is on the basis of Eurostat's figures for past years.

Source

Source
Gouvernement, projet de loi de finances pour 2027, as reproduced by the Haut Conseil des finances publiques, Avis n° HCFP-2026-5 relatif aux projets de lois de finances et de financement de la sécurité sociale pour l'année 2027
Where
§ 115, p. 38
Published
2026-09-25
It says
En 2026, le Gouvernement prévoit une charge d'intérêts de 79,2 Md€
As published
€79.2 billion
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from abroad

104.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat
Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100
From
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022 €1,435bn
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 €1,589bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
Result
104.2%

Why believe this?

Public debt, all holders, end 2025

€3,460bnObserved2025

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1_S2 time=2025 · query this cell
As published
€3,460,465.1 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth, billions

€1.5bnEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's wealth divided by its adults.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth ÷ 1,000,000,000
From
Result
€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

Adults, WID

53.0 millionEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Adults (aged 20 or more) living in France, WID's count.
Caveat
WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Source

Source
World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where
variable npopuli992, percentile p0p100, year 2024
Published
9 September 2026
It says
FR;npopuli992;p0p100;2024;52956956
As published
52,956,956
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

Top 0.001% by wealth: share of net wealth

5.6%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The share of WID's total the group holds: the top tenth is cut at P99.999, WID's last published rank, and the share above it is read from WID's average there.

Calculation

Computed as
average above P99.999 × 0.001% ÷ mean, and the rest
From
Result
5.6%

Why believe this?

80 and over, Subsidies on products

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on products × 80 and over, share of Subsidies on products by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Subsidies on products €44.2bn
  • 80 and over, share of Subsidies on products by age profile 6.1%
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€44.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
From
  • Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
  • Subsidies on products €31.8bn
  • Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn
Result
€44.2 billion

Why believe this?

General public services

€174.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€38.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€38.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years

334,528Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y84 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
334,528 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years

315,950Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y85 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
315,950 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years

148,566Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y92 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
148,566 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years

37,218Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y97 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
37,218 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over

33,215Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y_OPEN time=2024 · query this cell
As published
33,215 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 1 year

678,552Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y1 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
678,552 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 6 years

770,847Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y6 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
770,847 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 9 years

823,626Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y9 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
823,626 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 12 years

849,030Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y12 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
849,030 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 17 years

847,256Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y17 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
847,256 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 23 years

812,904Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y23 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
812,904 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 26 years

762,565Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y26 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
762,565 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 30 years

774,015Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y30 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
774,015 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 31 years

807,966Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y31 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
807,966 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 38 years

865,304Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y38 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
865,304 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 39 years

835,899Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y39 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
835,899 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years

880,645Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y40 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
880,645 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years

887,853Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y41 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
887,853 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years

869,878Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y48 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
869,878 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 49 years

871,476Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y49 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
871,476 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 53 years

888,920Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y53 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
888,920 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 56 years

876,917Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y56 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
876,917 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 62 years

846,191Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y62 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
846,191 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 67 years

787,480Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y67 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
787,480 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 74 years

731,087Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y74 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
731,087 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 75 years

702,086Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y75 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
702,086 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights

1.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 0 to 100, band 22, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
1,770,228
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

17,844Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
17,844
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

523,380Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
523,380
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights

430,128Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 16, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
430,128
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion

€171.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
From
  • Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 4,620
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 4,944
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 9,852
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 34,644
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 57,288
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 113,568
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 110,424
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 222,600
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 213,084
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 228,936
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 228,636
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 237,516
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 257,784
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 356,688
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 441,684
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 507,036
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 510,924
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 464,832
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 417,012
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 358,728
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 652,260
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 397,644
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 419,772
  • Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 401,388
Result
€171.4 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

222,600Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
222,600
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights

441,684Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 14, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
441,684
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

397,644Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
397,644
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights

3,468Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 00, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
3,468
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights

160,224Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 08, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
160,224
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights

284,844Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 13, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
284,844
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights

531,120Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 22, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
531,120
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

3,180Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
3,180
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

170,472Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
170,472
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights

454,416Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 16, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
454,416
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

11,748Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
11,748
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

105,468Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
105,468
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights

143,736Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 20, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
143,736
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %

14.8%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of households whose reference person is of this age.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column C
Published
26 February 2026
As published
14.8%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Education

€141.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Schools and universities.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF09 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€141,554.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, Social care and housing aid

€16.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × 80 and over, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Social care and housing aid €107.7bn
  • 80 and over, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile 15.2%
Result
€16.3 billion

Why believe this?

Everyone, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee

€18.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€18.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Collective services

€20bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services × 80 and over, share of Collective services by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Collective services €332.8bn
  • 80 and over, share of Collective services by age profile 6%
Result
€20.0 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€446.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€446,907.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€128.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Corporate tax

€6.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
  • 80 and over, Corporate tax €8.1bn
  • Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%
Result
€6.5 billion

Why believe this?

Income tax

€101.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€101.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %

16.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
16.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69

27,264.8Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024 €462,500
  • Financial wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 22.9%
  • Professional wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 12.4%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
Result
27,265

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024

€462,500Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column B
Published
26 February 2026
As published
€462,500
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %

12.4%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
12.4%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shares issued by financial corporations

€1,271bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S12 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€1,270,742.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

CSG on replacement income, 2023

€26.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.

Source

Source
Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where
Tableau 1, page 47
Published
June 2025
It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
As published
€26,140.0 million
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39

39,220Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 × Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 €265,000
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
Result
39,220

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023

11.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income, 2023 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2023 + CSG on replacement income, 2023 + CSG on capital income, 2023) × 100
From
Result
11.3%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of CSG on capital income by age profile

10.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Insee publishes wealth by age of the household's reference person; it is put on the residents of that age band, spouses taken as the same age, children holding none. Any allocation that keeps a household's wealth within its reference person's band gives the same total to each band; ownership across bands, by a spouse or an adult child of another age, is untested, for want of households' composition by age. Which ages inside a band hold it is the assumption varied: here the amount per person is flat within each band.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = wealth of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Gross wealth by age of the reference person. Sources: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024).
From
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 9,604.8
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 39,220
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 61,021.6
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 88,312
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 77,237.5
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 99,190.8
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
10.2%

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023

91.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column E
Published
17 February 2026
As published
91.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023

14.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column F
Published
17 February 2026
As published
14.9%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023

0.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column C
Published
17 February 2026
As published
0.9%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Property income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023

4.7%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column B
Published
17 February 2026
As published
4.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × 80 and over, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
  • 80 and over, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile 5.6%
Result
€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€328.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€328.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

40–49, transfers received

€130.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, Subsidies on products + 40–49, Subsidies on production + 40–49, Pensions + 40–49, Unemployment benefits + 40–49, Other cash benefits + 40–49, Health care + 40–49, Education + 40–49, Social care and housing aid + 40–49, Culture and leisure + 40–49, Collective services
From
Result
€130.2 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, Unemployment benefits

€9.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × 40–49, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Unemployment benefits €42.9bn
  • 40–49, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile 22.1%
Result
€9.5 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Other cash benefits by age profile

17%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over Insee's rows of (the row's 2023 amount × its share by age) ÷ Σ of the rows' amounts
From
  • Everyone, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €38bn
  • 40–49, share of Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP) by age profile 25.9%
  • Everyone, Famille, Insee €33.6bn
  • 40–49, share of Famille by age profile 0%
  • Everyone, Exclusion sociale, Insee €33.9bn
  • 40–49, share of Exclusion sociale by age profile 23.3%
  • Everyone, Invalidité, Insee €22.9bn
  • 40–49, share of Invalidité by age profile 25.2%
  • Everyone, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €19.3bn
  • 40–49, share of Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé by age profile 8.3%
Result
17.0%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP) by age profile

25.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

40–49, Taxes on products

€44.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × 40–49, share of Taxes on products by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Taxes on products €318.8bn
  • 40–49, share of Taxes on products by age profile 14%
Result
€44.6 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, Corporate tax

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × 40–49, share of Corporate tax by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Corporate tax €79.3bn
  • 40–49, share of Corporate tax by age profile 16.3%
Result
€12.9 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, CSG on earnings and benefits

€27.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, CSG − 40–49, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€27.6 billion

Why believe this?

V6, Extended primary income, Insee

€47bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column H (V6)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€47.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V17, Extended primary income, Insee

€146bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column S (V17)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€146.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
3
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 €11.4bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95 €7.3bn
Result
€18.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95

€11.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V19: -19.9
As published
€11.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on production

€769mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0346), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production

€14.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
As published
€14.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Corporate tax

€57.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€57.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0667), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, CSG − Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, CSG

€15.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
As published
€15.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V10: 2.1; row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3; row 8, V13: 3.4
As published
€7.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed

€12.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95 €8.5bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95 €3.6bn
Result
€12.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95

€8.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
As published
€8.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Income tax

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1987), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€9.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax

€3.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
As published
€3.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 €1.7bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95 €1bn
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0303), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions

€35.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
As published
€35.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee

€18.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€18.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions

€25.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V18: -14.3; row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V18: -3.2; row 28, V19: -4.1
As published
€25.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions

€21.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4710), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€21.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

€3.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Rank above which people hold 2% of income

100Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.

Calculation

Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 2%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)
From
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn
  • V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn
  • V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn
  • V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn
  • V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn
  • V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn
  • V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn
  • V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn
  • V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn
  • V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn
  • V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn
  • V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn
  • V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn
  • V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn
  • V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn
  • V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn
  • V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn
  • V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
Result
100

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Taxes on products

€31.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
As published
€31.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Taxes on production

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V16: -8.6; row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
As published
€13.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95

€3.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€3.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€4.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€4.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4; row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
As published
€1.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG

€13.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95
From
Result
€13.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V19: -15.4
As published
€8.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG

€2.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Net financial income

€8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
As published
€8.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed

€15.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V18: 12.9; row 9, V19: 14.9
As published
€15.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed

€8.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€8.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Income tax

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V16: -4.8; row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
As published
€9.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95

€8.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€8.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€733mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Pension contributions

€35.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
As published
€35.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95

€9.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€9.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
As published
€20.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, people

27,208Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000
From
  • Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4
  • Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100
Result
27,208

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products

€27bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8
As published
€27.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€35.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V19: -13.2; row 20, V20: -22.2
As published
€35.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production

€6.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4
As published
€6.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Corporate tax

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7
As published
€1.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9
As published
€1.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, CSG

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income

€4.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
As published
€4.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9
As published
€7.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€65.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V19: -15.9; row 24, V20: -49.4
As published
€65.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Income tax

€0mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0
As published
€0.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5
As published
€1.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€93bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V19: -35.7; row 26, V20: -57.3
As published
€93.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions

€14.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8
As published
€14.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other contributions

€21.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2
As published
€21.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€5.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products
From
Result
€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on products

€32bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on products
From
  • Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3bn
  • Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3.1bn
  • Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn
  • Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3.4bn
  • Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.5bn
  • Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn
Result
€32.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products

€3.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5
As published
€3.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€11.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V19: 4.1; row 21, V20: 7.7
As published
€11.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V5: 0.8; row 21, V6: 0.9
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pensions

€39bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
As published
€39.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3
As published
€4.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1
As published
€12.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Health care

€27.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6
As published
€27.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Education

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6
As published
€12.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published
€10.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

€23.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published
€23.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€5.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits

€19.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€19.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × Bottom 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education
From
Result
€20.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€4.1 billion