How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

8 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Why believe this?

Germany: Public spending, % of GDP

49.4%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Public spending of general government in Germany, 2024, as a share of GDP.
Caveat
Eurostat PC_GDP=49.4

Source

Source
Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_main (Government revenue, expenditure and main aggregates), S13, MIO_EUR, updated 2026-07-21
Where
TE, DE, 2024
Published
2026
It says
TE: 2139717 million EUR, 49.428% of GDP
As published
49.4% of GDP
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Foreign economic aid

€4.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0102 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€4,880.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Military defence

€47.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0201 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€47,701.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Other industries

€11.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0407 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€11,183.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Environmental protection n.e.c.

€1.5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0506 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,515.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Housing and community amenities

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0605 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public health services

€8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0704 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€7,958.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Broadcasting and publishing services

€7.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0803 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€7,560.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Secondary education

€63.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0902 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€63,778.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Family and children

€66.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1004 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€66,711.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Abattement en faveur des personnes âgées ou invalides de condition modeste

€390mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 100201
Published
October 2025
As published
€390.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables (et leurs conjoints survivants) de plus de 74 ans titulaires de la carte du combattant et pour les conjoints survivants de plus de 74 ans de personnes titulaires de la carte du combattant au moment de leur décès

€493mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110103
Published
October 2025
As published
€493.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des sommes versées au titre de la participation, de l'intéressement, de l'abondement, d'un partage de plus-value, des primes de partage de la valeur, d’un plan de partage de la valorisation de l’entreprise, aux plans d'épargne salariale et aux plans d'épargne retraite d'entreprise collectifs ou obligatoires

€2.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120108
Published
October 2025
As published
€2,890.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération totale pour les prestations et rentes viagères servies aux victimes d'accidents du travail et de maladies professionnelles et à hauteur de 50 % pour les indemnités temporaires

€521mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120117
Published
October 2025
As published
€521.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération temporaire des suppléments de rémunération versés aux salariés et mandataires sociaux au titre de l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle en France (primes d'impatriation), de la fraction de leur rémunération correspondant à l'activité exercée à l'étranger et de la rémunération des salariés et dirigeants de la Chambre de commerce internationale

€388mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120131
Published
October 2025
As published
€388.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédits d'impôt "Prêt à taux zéro" et "Prêt à taux zéro renforcé PTZ+"

€652mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 210313
Published
October 2025
As published
€652.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taxation au taux de 10% des revenus issus de certains actifs de propriété industrielle

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 210326
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,199.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des sociétés de placement à prépondérance immobilière à capital variable (SPPICAV)

€600mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 300210
Published
October 2025
As published
€600.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 10 % pour les ventes et livraisons à soi-même, à des investisseurs dotés de la personnalité morale, de logements locatifs intermédiaires situés dans des zones caractérisées par un déséquilibre important entre l’offre et la demande de logement ou en cours de revitalisation et de réindustrialisation, lorsqu’ils répondent à des critères de mixité avec des logements locatifs sociaux, ainsi que pour les livraisons de logements locatifs intermédiaires à l’association foncière logement, ou aux sociétés qu’elle contrôle, lorsqu’ils sont situés dans des quartiers ciblés de la politique de la ville ou à leur proximité

€225mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730222
Published
October 2025
As published
€225.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 5,5 % applicable aux droits d’entrée dans les théâtres, les cirques, les concerts, les spectacles de variété, les salles de cinéma, les parcs zoologiques et les compétitions de jeux vidéos

€315mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730231
Published
October 2025
As published
€315.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réduction des émissions, ou de la puissance administrative, prises en compte dans le barème du malus à hauteur de 80 grammes par kilomètre, ou de 4 CV, pour les véhicules comportant au moins 8 places assises dont disposent les personnes morales

€700mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 970105
Published
October 2025
As published
€700.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Smaller tax expenditures with a causal study

€158mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
All measures under EUR 200m
Published
October 2025
As published
€158.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exemptions from the contribution base

€14.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.

Source

Source
Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
Where
Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
Published
October 2025
As published
€14,900.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Evaluations carried out, of 35 planned for 2020-2023

4Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Evaluations of tax expenditures actually carried out under the programmes the government set itself for 2020 to 2023.

Source

Source
Cour des comptes, Analyse de l'exécution budgétaire 2025, Dépenses fiscales
Where
Annex, p. 67
Published
April 2026
It says
aucune évaluation sur les onze prévues dans le programme de travail pour 2022 n'a été réalisée et seules quatre ont été réalisées sur les 35 prévues au cours de la période 2020-2023.
As published
4
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Share of the cost with no end date

89.1%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the open-ended measures as a share of the total.

Calculation

Computed as
Cost of tax expenditures with no end date ÷ cost × 100
From
  • Cost of tax expenditures with no end date €79.6bn
  • Cost of tax expenditures, 2024 €89.4bn
Result
89.1%

Why believe this?

Support to companies, Senate broad estimate

€211bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
State subsidies, Bpifrance loans, guarantees and equity at face value, every tax expenditure benefiting firms (VAT and reclassified ones included), and social-contribution reductions. Regional, local and EU aid are excluded.
Caveat
The commission calls it an order of magnitude and a floor. The Bpifrance part is the face value of loans and guarantees, not their cost to the State. It covers all firms: the commission states that no figure exists for large firms alone.

Source

Source
Sénat, commission d'enquête sur l'utilisation des aides publiques aux grandes entreprises, Rapport n° 808 (2024-2025), tome I
Where
Part I.C.4, pp. 183-188; chart p. 186
Published
8 July 2025
It says
Cette estimation des aides publiques aux entreprises au sens large aboutit à un montant annuel de 211 milliards d'euros en 2023, ce qui constitue un ordre de grandeur cohérent avec les estimations produites par France Stratégie et par le Clersé.
As published
€211.0 billion
Read
2026-10-02

Why believe this?

Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022

€1,435bnObserved2022

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S2 time=2022 · query this cell
As published
€1,434,892.1 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public debt, all holders, end 2023

€3,103bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€3,103,247.7 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Inheritance and gift duties

€20.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Taxes on capital transfers (ESA D.91A): inheritance and gift duties.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_taxag (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13_S212 na_item=D91A time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€20,819.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-04

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth

€1,525,804,411Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's wealth divided by its adults.

Calculation

Computed as
share of the total × WID's total ÷ adults
From
Result
€1,525,804,411

Why believe this?

Average net wealth above P99.999, WID, 2025 euros

€1,543,729,710Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Average net personal wealth of the adults above this rank, adults ranked by net wealth, a couple's wealth split equally.
Caveat
WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Source

Source
World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where
variable ahwealj992, percentile p99.999p100, year 2024
Published
9 September 2026
It says
FR;ahwealj992;p99.999p100;2024;1543729709.6
As published
€1,543,729,710
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

WID price index, 2024 (2025 = 1)

1Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
WID's national income price index for France in 2024, equal to 1 in 2025, the year whose prices WID's euros are expressed in.
Caveat
WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Source

Source
World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where
variable inyixxi999, percentile p0p100, year 2024
Published
9 September 2026
It says
FR;inyixxi999;p0p100;2024;0.988388299942
As published
1
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

Collective services

€239.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€239.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Subsidies on products by age profile

6.1%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The one profile from 2017 (Budget de famille). Each person consumes by the NTA equivalence scale (0.4 for a child under 5, rising to 1 at 20) times the consumption per consumption unit of households of their age band; children at the level of the 35 to 64. The NTA regression of household consumption on its members' ages needs households' composition by age, which Insee does not publish: Budget de famille's table cad01 counts households by age of the reference person and, separately, by type of household, never the two crossed, and holds no consumption.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = consumption of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age. Sources: Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue” (2017); United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual (convention).
From
Result
6.1%

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years

351,223Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y82 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
351,223 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years

337,301Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y83 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
337,301 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years

168,227Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y91 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
168,227 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years

91,884Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y94 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
91,884 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years

18,553Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y99 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
18,553 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 0 years

676,815Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y_LT1 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
676,815 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 7 years

778,061Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y7 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
778,061 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 8 years

817,168Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y8 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
817,168 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 11 years

845,458Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y11 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
845,458 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 14 years

863,403Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y14 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
863,403 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 19 years

802,837Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y19 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
802,837 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 20 years

799,696Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y20 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
799,696 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 25 years

778,675Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y25 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
778,675 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 28 years

752,726Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y28 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
752,726 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 36 years

858,026Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y36 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
858,026 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 37 years

857,654Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y37 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
857,654 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years

804,801Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y46 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
804,801 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years

808,524Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y47 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
808,524 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 50 years

911,989Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y50 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
911,989 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 55 years

874,956Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y55 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
874,956 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 58 years

894,639Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y58 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
894,639 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 61 years

853,660Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y61 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
853,660 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 64 years

813,237Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y64 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
813,237 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 69 years

765,695Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y69 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
765,695 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 72 years

725,620Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y72 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
725,620 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 73 years

740,407Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y73 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
740,407 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion

€120.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
From
  • Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 11,292
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 17,844
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 62,700
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 175,092
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 270,588
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 470,028
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 421,980
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 631,632
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 543,168
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 523,380
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 491,028
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 464,796
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 443,832
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 504,672
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 529,296
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 510,372
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 430,128
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 333,288
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 264,252
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 207,024
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 332,220
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 165,144
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 111,648
  • Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 53,376
Result
€120.1 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

631,632Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
631,632
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

491,028Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
491,028
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

264,252Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
264,252
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

165,144Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
165,144
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

4,944Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
4,944
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

228,936Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
228,936
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights

257,784Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 12, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
257,784
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights

82,704Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 06, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
82,704
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

434,664Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
434,664
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion

€195.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
From
  • Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 3,204
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 3,180
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 5,652
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 19,752
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 36,492
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 73,092
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 72,840
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 151,764
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 151,224
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 170,472
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 191,448
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 190,320
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 204,696
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 272,316
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 347,196
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 416,616
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 454,416
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 446,964
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 389,544
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 342,240
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 662,040
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 485,340
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 568,668
  • Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 724,188
Result
€195.4 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

151,764Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
151,764
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

191,448Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
191,448
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

389,544Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
389,544
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

485,340Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
485,340
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

42,948Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
42,948
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights

93,564Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 13, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
93,564
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023

€2,889Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023 ÷ 100
From
  • Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 5.5%
  • Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €52,530
Result
€2,889

Why believe this?

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

2.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column G
Published
17 February 2026
As published
2.3%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %

19%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of households whose reference person is of this age.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
19.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Social protection

€657.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Old age, survivors, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and social exclusion.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF10 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€657,931.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Pensions

€397.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€397.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Social care and housing aid

€115.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, Ensemble: 80.8; row 44, Ensemble: 16.1; row 45, Ensemble: 18.9
As published
€115.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Other cash benefits

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × 80 and over, share of Other cash benefits by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Other cash benefits €137.4bn
  • 80 and over, share of Other cash benefits by age profile 3%
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Everyone, Famille, Insee

€33.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 34 “Famille”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€33.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Everyone, Invalidité, Insee

€22.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 36 “Invalidité”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€22.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Everyone, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee

€19.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€19.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Health

€249.7bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Hospitals, outpatient care and medicines.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF07 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€249,676.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Departments' help at home to the elderly, 2023, € thousands

4.4 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Source

Source
DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where
Sheet “Données nationales”, row 60 “Aide à domicile, dont :”, column AB
Published
17 April 2026
As published
4,361,359
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Collective services by age profile

6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Spread equally over residents: the National Transfer Accounts convention for public goods that no one consumes by age.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = per_capita of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: The same amount per person at every age. Sources: Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex (the year of the view).
From
Result
6.0%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Taxes on products by age profile

6.1%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The one profile from 2017 (Budget de famille). Each person consumes by the NTA equivalence scale (0.4 for a child under 5, rising to 1 at 20) times the consumption per consumption unit of households of their age band; children at the level of the 35 to 64. The NTA regression of household consumption on its members' ages needs households' composition by age, which Insee does not publish: Budget de famille's table cad01 counts households by age of the reference person and, separately, by type of household, never the two crossed, and holds no consumption.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = consumption of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age. Sources: Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue” (2017); United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual (convention).
From
Result
6.1%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Corporate tax by age profile

10.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Insee publishes wealth by age of the household's reference person; it is put on the residents of that age band, spouses taken as the same age, children holding none. Any allocation that keeps a household's wealth within its reference person's band gives the same total to each band; ownership across bands, by a spouse or an adult child of another age, is untested, for want of households' composition by age. Which ages inside a band hold it is the assumption varied: here the amount per person is flat within each band.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = business_wealth of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Financial and professional wealth by age of the reference person. Sources: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024).
From
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 3,236.8
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 9,295.1
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 19,710
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 29,319.6
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 27,264.8
  • Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 32,237
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
10.3%

Why believe this?

Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59

88,312Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024 × Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024 €464,800
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
Result
88,312

Why believe this?

Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023

14.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column B
Published
17 February 2026
As published
14.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023

15.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column F
Published
17 February 2026
As published
15.9%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023

101.7%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column C
Published
17 February 2026
As published
101.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023

12.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column E
Published
17 February 2026
As published
12.2%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile

5.6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The CSG's three bases (CCSS) each spread by its own profile: earnings, pensions for all replacement income, gross wealth for capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = csg of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital. Sources: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn
  • CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn
  • CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022 16,062
  • Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022 3,826.9
  • Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022 €739
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 9,604.8
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 39,220
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 61,021.6
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 88,312
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 77,237.5
  • Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 99,190.8
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
5.6%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Cotisations sociales chômage1 by age profile

0.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile

22.1%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The entitlement of unemployment insurance prices recipients of every scheme, solidarity allowances included; 60 and over is placed at 60 to 67.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = unemployment of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Recipients of unemployment benefits × mean entitlement, by age. Sources: France Travail, Allocataires indemnisés, and montant moyen de l'allocation d'assurance chômage, par sexe et âge (December 2023 for 2023, December 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
22.1%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Famille by age profile

0%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Following the NTA convention, family benefits go to the children they are paid for: each benefit's national amount (CNAF, the year's twelve months) is spread over the ages its rules cover, in proportion to population: birth grant at birth, PAJE basic allowance and PreParE under 3, childminding supplement under 6, family allowances and family support allowance under 20, family supplement 3 to 20, back-to-school allowance 6 to 18.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = family_children of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Family benefits by the age of the children they are paid for (NTA convention). Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
0.0%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Invalidité by age profile

25.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Proxy for all disability cash benefits: invalidity pensions of health insurance, which no table found splits by age, are assumed to follow the CNAF disability benefits' age profile.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = disability of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Disability benefits paid by CNAF by age of the claimant. Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
25.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé by age profile

8.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
DREES publishes ten-year bands; within them the amount per person is interpolated linearly between the bands' midpoints, keeping each band's mean. Hospitals' funding outside reimbursements is spread the same way.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = health of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Reimbursements by public health insurance per person. Sources: DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge (2023).
From
Result
8.3%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile

8.1%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over Insee's rows of (the row's 2023 amount × its share by age) ÷ Σ of the rows' amounts
From
  • Everyone, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €80.8bn
  • 40–49, share of Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.) by age profile 4.7%
  • Everyone, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €16.1bn
  • 40–49, share of Aides au logement et chèque énergie by age profile 20.2%
  • Everyone, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €18.9bn
  • 40–49, share of Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale by age profile 12.5%
Result
8.1%

Why believe this?

40–49, levies paid

€262.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, Taxes on products + 40–49, Taxes on production + 40–49, Corporate tax + 40–49, CSG on earnings and benefits + 40–49, CSG on capital income + 40–49, Income tax + 40–49, Other taxes on income and wealth + 40–49, Pension contributions + 40–49, Other contributions
From
Result
€262.7 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, CSG on capital income

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
Caveat
An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income × 40–49, share of CSG on capital income by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • CSG on capital income €16.9bn
  • 40–49, share of CSG on capital income by age profile 16.3%
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

V8, Extended primary income, Insee

€63.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column J (V8)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€63.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V11, Extended primary income, Insee

€80.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column M (V11)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€80.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Extended primary income, Insee

€218.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€218.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Extended primary income, Insee

€499.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€499.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shape of the top 5%'s tail

0.5Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalized Pareto shape: the coefficient tends to 1 ÷ (1 − shape) at the very top; a strict Pareto tail has shape 1 − 1 ÷ b.

Calculation

Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95
From
Result
0

Why believe this?

V19, Taxes on products, Insee

€19.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€19.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Taxes on products, Insee

€33.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€33.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€43.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2183), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€7.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0537), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Taxes on production

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
As published
€15.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0650), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Corporate tax

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, CSG

€15bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
As published
€15.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG

€2.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0822), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, CSG, Insee €15.4bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, CSG, Insee €29.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

CSG on income from property, 2023

€7.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).

Source

Source
Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
Where
Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
Published
June 2025
It says
CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
As published
€7,167.0 million
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Net financial income

€62.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€62.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Net financial income

€8.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9; row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1; row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7; row 8, V7: 1.9
As published
€8.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
As published
€20.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95

€3.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Income tax

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0; row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1; row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0; row 24, V7: -0.2
As published
€2.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0937), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€2.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€8.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95

€1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1169), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€976mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1109), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Pension contributions

€57.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€57.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions

€34.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
As published
€34.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions

€3.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0622), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other contributions

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, paid a month per person

€70,760Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €70,760, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €68,510, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €113,870, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €166,280, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €76,760, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€70,760

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on production

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production
From
Result
€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
As published
€14.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production

€11.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 €7.6bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95 €3.7bn
Result
€11.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
As published
€3.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, CSG

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€2.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, CSG

€16.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
As published
€16.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95

€4.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Net financial income

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V16: 5.6; row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
As published
€10.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed

€17.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
As published
€17.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Income tax

€4.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€4.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Income tax

€5.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6; row 24, V15: -3.8
As published
€5.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax

€17.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €8.2bn
Result
€17.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V18: -1.9; row 25, V19: -2.9
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Pension contributions

€36.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1; row 26, V15: -20.6
As published
€36.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions

€30bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95
From
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 €20.5bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95 €9.5bn
Result
€30.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Other contributions

€3.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.04%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions
From
Result
€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95

€14.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
As published
€14.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products

€21.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1
As published
€21.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production

€9.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
As published
€9.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€52.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
  • Top 10%, Corporate tax €65.1bn
  • Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%
Result
€52.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax

€700mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3
As published
€0.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€38.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 10%, CSG − Top 10%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€38.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, CSG

€15.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1
As published
€15.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Net financial income

€77.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V19: 15.6; row 8, V20: 62.3
As published
€77.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income

€3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7
As published
€3.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Rents, actual and imputed

€166.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed
From
  • Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €6.9bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €10.8bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.3bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €13.9bn
  • Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn
  • Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.3bn
  • Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.5bn
  • Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €24.5bn
  • Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn
Result
€166.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed

€12.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2
As published
€12.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Income tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
As published
€1.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€400mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2
As published
€0.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions

€24.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
As published
€24.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other contributions

€2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3
As published
€2.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Other contributions

€37.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
As published
€37.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, transfers received

€175.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Pensions + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Collective services
From
Result
€175.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products

€2.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4
As published
€2.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
As published
€2.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pensions

€66.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V19: 30.2; row 31, V20: 36.4
As published
€66.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pensions

€34.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9
As published
€34.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Unemployment benefits

€45.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits
From
  • Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.7bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.8bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.6bn
  • Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.5bn
  • Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn
  • Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn
  • Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn
  • Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn
Result
€45.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€5.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V3: 2.9; row 32, V4: 2.8
As published
€5.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other cash benefits

€147.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits
From
  • Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.8bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €21.1bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €16.1bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €14.1bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €13bn
  • Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12bn
  • Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn
  • Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn
  • Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €12bn
  • Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.8bn
Result
€147.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits

€11.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
As published
€11.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Health care

€28.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V3: 14.1; row 40, V4: 14.1
As published
€28.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Education

€128.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 20–30%, Education + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10%, Education
From
Result
€128.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Education

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5
As published
€15.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Social care and housing aid

€5.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 42, V20: 1.5; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 44, V20: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1; row 45, V20: 1.1
As published
€5.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V5: 5.7; row 42, V6: 4.7; row 44, V5: 1.1; row 44, V6: 0.6; row 45, V5: 1; row 45, V6: 1
As published
€14.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Culture and leisure

€52bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Culture and leisure
From
  • Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
  • Top 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn
Result
€52.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Collective services

€23.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V19: 12.3; row 46, V20: 11.5
As published
€23.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Collective services

€24.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4
As published
€24.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, levies paid

€30.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions
From
  • Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.5bn
  • Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn
  • Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €569m
  • Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €988m
  • Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €437m
  • Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn
  • Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €410m
  • Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.3bn
  • Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.7bn
Result
€30.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€19.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€19.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax

€569mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
  • Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €711m
  • Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income

€437mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
Competing figures
  • €240m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
  • €394m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
Caveat
An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100
From
  • CSG on capital income €16.9bn
  • Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.6%
Result
€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€410mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
  • Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn
  • Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
  • All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn
Result
€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Health care

€20.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Health care × Bottom 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care
From
Result
€20.9 billion