How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs
€42.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0101time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €42,818.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Civil defence
€229mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0202time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €228.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Law courts
€8.3bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0303time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €8,295.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Mining, manufacturing and construction
€1.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0404time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,625.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Environmental protection
€1.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0505time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,759.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing and community amenities n.e.c.
€1.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0606time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,816.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Pre-primary and primary education
€42.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0901time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €42,176.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Social exclusion n.e.c.
€36.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1007time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €36,460.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt pour frais de garde des enfants âgés de moins de 6 ans
€1.7bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110203
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,737.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction, dans la limite d’un certain montant, pour les contribuables des départements d’outre-mer de la cotisation résultant du barème (30 % en Guadeloupe, Martinique et Réunion ; 40 % en Guyane et à Mayotte)
€426mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110302
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €426.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération d'impôt sur le revenu (sur option) des salaires perçus par les jeunes au titre d'une activité exercée pendant leurs études secondaires ou supérieures ou leurs congés scolaires ou universitaires
€312mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120132
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €312.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Déduction des dépenses de réparations et d'amélioration
€2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 130201
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,990.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Déduction de précaution
€301mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 170106
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €301.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Déduction exceptionnelle de 40% du prix de revient de certains biens limitativement énumérés, pratiquée sur la durée normale d'utilisation du bien
€289mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 200401
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €289.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements d'outre-mer
€295mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 210325
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €295.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération partielle, sous certaines conditions, de droits de mutation à titre gratuit lors de la transmission d'entreprises exploitées sous la forme individuelle ou détenues sous forme sociale
€5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 520110
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €5,000.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 10% pour la restauration commerciale (consommation sur place et vente à emporter en vue d'une consommation immédiate)
€2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730221
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €2,025.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Tarif particulier pour le superéthanol E85, carburant essence comprenant au moins 65 % d'éthanol
€501mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 800216
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €501.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
General contribution reductions
€77.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.
Source
- Source
- Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
- Where
- Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €77,599.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Other targeted exemptions
€9.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.
Source
- Source
- Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
- Where
- Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €9,372.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Public debt, end of 2026, government forecast
119.3%Hypothetical2026
Definition
- What it counts
- Maastricht debt of general government as a share of GDP at the end of 2026, as forecast by the Government in the draft budget for 2027.
- Caveat
- A forecast for the current year, made in September 2026; it is not a measurement. The Government's spending excludes tax credits and its levies are compulsory levies only, so neither is on the basis of Eurostat's figures for past years.
Source
- Source
- Gouvernement, projet de loi de finances pour 2027, as reproduced by the Haut Conseil des finances publiques, Avis n° HCFP-2026-5 relatif aux projets de lois de finances et de financement de la sécurité sociale pour l'année 2027
- Where
- Annexe 3, article liminaire du PLF 2027, p. 48
- Published
- 2026-09-25
- It says
Dette au sens de Maastricht : 115,7 (2025) ; 119,3 (2026) ; 121,7 (2027)
- As published
- 119.3% of GDP
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
Paid to the State by the Banque de France
€0mObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for the year.
Source
- Source
- Banque de France, Banque de France
- Where
- Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
- Published
- March 2025
- It says
2023: ordinary result −€12.4bn, absorbed by provisions; net result nil, nothing paid to the State.
- As published
- €0.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2022
€2,956bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €2,955,639.1 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2025
€1,880bnObserved2025
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2025· query this cell- As published
- €1,880,162.1 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Net personal wealth, WID total
€14,488bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Net personal wealth of all adults in France at the end of 2024, in current 2024 euros: WID's total in 2025 euros times WID's price index for 2024.
- Caveat
- WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.
Why believe this?
Net personal wealth, WID total, 2025 euros
€14,658bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Net personal wealth of all adults in France: non-financial and financial assets less debts, WID's total for the distribution.
- Caveat
- WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.
Source
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
- Where
- variable mhweali999, percentile p0p100, year 2024
- Published
- 9 September 2026
- It says
FR;mhweali999;p0p100;2024;14658242084864
- As published
- €14,658.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
Economic affairs
€177.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF04time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €177,620.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
€309.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
80 and over, people, 2023
4.1 millionObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2- From
- Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years 402,370
- Population on 1 January 2024, 80 years 431,640
- Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years 348,046
- Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years 389,750
- Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years 351,223
- Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years 337,317
- Population on 1 January 2023, 83 years 355,316
- Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years 337,301
- Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years 334,528
- Population on 1 January 2024, 84 years 338,904
- Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years 312,268
- Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years 315,950
- Population on 1 January 2023, 86 years 294,601
- Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years 293,467
- Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years 267,310
- Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years 277,246
- Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years 248,255
- Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years 248,051
- Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years 216,078
- Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years 229,054
- Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years 197,489
- Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years 196,799
- Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years 168,227
- Population on 1 January 2024, 91 years 177,323
- Population on 1 January 2023, 92 years 139,940
- Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years 148,566
- Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years 108,708
- Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years 120,839
- Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years 87,754
- Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years 91,884
- Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years 66,223
- Population on 1 January 2024, 95 years 72,440
- Population on 1 January 2023, 96 years 51,268
- Population on 1 January 2024, 96 years 53,392
- Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years 37,218
- Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years 40,085
- Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years 25,770
- Population on 1 January 2024, 98 years 28,314
- Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years 18,553
- Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years 19,114
- Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over 29,956
- Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over 33,215
- Result
- 4,120,876
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 80 years
431,640Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y80time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 431,640 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years
348,046Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y81time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 348,046 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years
248,051Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y88time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 248,051 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years
216,078Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y89time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 216,078 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 92 years
139,940Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y92time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 139,940 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years
40,085Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y97time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 40,085 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Everyone, people, 2023
68.5 millionObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ over ages 0 to 100 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2- From
- Population on 1 January 2023, 0 years 676,815
- Population on 1 January 2024, 0 years 629,245
- Population on 1 January 2023, 1 year 697,960
- Population on 1 January 2024, 1 year 678,552
- Population on 1 January 2023, 2 years 695,805
- Population on 1 January 2024, 2 years 701,058
- Population on 1 January 2023, 3 years 720,314
- Population on 1 January 2024, 3 years 703,926
- Population on 1 January 2023, 4 years 731,562
- Population on 1 January 2024, 4 years 731,234
- Population on 1 January 2023, 5 years 748,093
- Population on 1 January 2024, 5 years 740,149
- Population on 1 January 2023, 6 years 770,847
- Population on 1 January 2024, 6 years 755,350
- Population on 1 January 2023, 7 years 794,483
- Population on 1 January 2024, 7 years 778,061
- Population on 1 January 2023, 8 years 817,168
- Population on 1 January 2024, 8 years 800,309
- Population on 1 January 2023, 9 years 824,642
- Population on 1 January 2024, 9 years 823,626
- Population on 1 January 2023, 10 years 839,941
- Population on 1 January 2024, 10 years 829,697
- Population on 1 January 2023, 11 years 845,458
- Population on 1 January 2024, 11 years 846,155
- Population on 1 January 2023, 12 years 869,831
- Population on 1 January 2024, 12 years 849,030
- Population on 1 January 2023, 13 years 858,304
- Population on 1 January 2024, 13 years 871,784
- Population on 1 January 2023, 14 years 866,043
- Population on 1 January 2024, 14 years 863,403
- Population on 1 January 2023, 15 years 861,451
- Population on 1 January 2024, 15 years 872,680
- Population on 1 January 2023, 16 years 870,883
- Population on 1 January 2024, 16 years 859,104
- Population on 1 January 2023, 17 years 847,256
- Population on 1 January 2024, 17 years 861,729
- Population on 1 January 2023, 18 years 828,943
- Population on 1 January 2024, 18 years 827,859
- Population on 1 January 2023, 19 years 802,837
- Population on 1 January 2024, 19 years 810,270
- Population on 1 January 2023, 20 years 799,696
- Population on 1 January 2024, 20 years 787,905
- Population on 1 January 2023, 21 years 803,765
- Population on 1 January 2024, 21 years 788,021
- Population on 1 January 2023, 22 years 813,762
- Population on 1 January 2024, 22 years 797,408
- Population on 1 January 2023, 23 years 771,101
- Population on 1 January 2024, 23 years 812,904
- Population on 1 January 2023, 24 years 768,835
- Population on 1 January 2024, 24 years 779,281
- Population on 1 January 2023, 25 years 757,967
- Population on 1 January 2024, 25 years 778,675
- Population on 1 January 2023, 26 years 762,565
- Population on 1 January 2024, 26 years 768,044
- Population on 1 January 2023, 27 years 763,976
- Population on 1 January 2024, 27 years 776,109
- Population on 1 January 2023, 28 years 752,726
- Population on 1 January 2024, 28 years 777,205
- Population on 1 January 2023, 29 years 759,155
- Population on 1 January 2024, 29 years 767,461
- Population on 1 January 2023, 30 years 797,192
- Population on 1 January 2024, 30 years 774,015
- Population on 1 January 2023, 31 years 807,966
- Population on 1 January 2024, 31 years 809,852
- Population on 1 January 2023, 32 years 835,055
- Population on 1 January 2024, 32 years 822,155
- Population on 1 January 2023, 33 years 834,288
- Population on 1 January 2024, 33 years 847,135
- Population on 1 January 2023, 34 years 848,728
- Population on 1 January 2024, 34 years 847,774
- Population on 1 January 2023, 35 years 847,592
- Population on 1 January 2024, 35 years 858,037
- Population on 1 January 2023, 36 years 856,454
- Population on 1 January 2024, 36 years 858,026
- Population on 1 January 2023, 37 years 857,654
- Population on 1 January 2024, 37 years 867,485
- Population on 1 January 2023, 38 years 845,024
- Population on 1 January 2024, 38 years 865,304
- Population on 1 January 2023, 39 years 835,899
- Population on 1 January 2024, 39 years 853,522
- Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years 880,645
- Population on 1 January 2024, 40 years 842,081
- Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years 885,362
- Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years 887,853
- Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years 898,493
- Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years 887,177
- Population on 1 January 2023, 43 years 845,237
- Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years 905,206
- Population on 1 January 2023, 44 years 828,897
- Population on 1 January 2024, 44 years 850,755
- Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years 828,762
- Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years 832,575
- Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years 804,801
- Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years 833,918
- Population on 1 January 2023, 47 years 828,913
- Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years 808,524
- Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years 869,878
- Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years 830,531
- Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years 909,491
- Population on 1 January 2024, 49 years 871,476
- Population on 1 January 2023, 50 years 930,714
- Population on 1 January 2024, 50 years 911,989
- Population on 1 January 2023, 51 years 923,166
- Population on 1 January 2024, 51 years 930,389
- Population on 1 January 2023, 52 years 902,734
- Population on 1 January 2024, 52 years 922,352
- Population on 1 January 2023, 53 years 888,920
- Population on 1 January 2024, 53 years 906,451
- Population on 1 January 2023, 54 years 878,238
- Population on 1 January 2024, 54 years 888,739
- Population on 1 January 2023, 55 years 874,956
- Population on 1 January 2024, 55 years 878,302
- Population on 1 January 2023, 56 years 894,712
- Population on 1 January 2024, 56 years 876,917
- Population on 1 January 2023, 57 years 894,880
- Population on 1 January 2024, 57 years 894,961
- Population on 1 January 2023, 58 years 903,103
- Population on 1 January 2024, 58 years 894,639
- Population on 1 January 2023, 59 years 888,421
- Population on 1 January 2024, 59 years 903,347
- Population on 1 January 2023, 60 years 855,922
- Population on 1 January 2024, 60 years 888,456
- Population on 1 January 2023, 61 years 851,312
- Population on 1 January 2024, 61 years 853,660
- Population on 1 January 2023, 62 years 846,191
- Population on 1 January 2024, 62 years 849,425
- Population on 1 January 2023, 63 years 835,418
- Population on 1 January 2024, 63 years 841,499
- Population on 1 January 2023, 64 years 813,237
- Population on 1 January 2024, 64 years 831,367
- Population on 1 January 2023, 65 years 804,594
- Population on 1 January 2024, 65 years 807,837
- Population on 1 January 2023, 66 years 792,884
- Population on 1 January 2024, 66 years 798,459
- Population on 1 January 2023, 67 years 781,549
- Population on 1 January 2024, 67 years 787,480
- Population on 1 January 2023, 68 years 772,724
- Population on 1 January 2024, 68 years 773,783
- Population on 1 January 2023, 69 years 752,562
- Population on 1 January 2024, 69 years 765,695
- Population on 1 January 2023, 70 years 759,498
- Population on 1 January 2024, 70 years 744,790
- Population on 1 January 2023, 71 years 735,263
- Population on 1 January 2024, 71 years 750,658
- Population on 1 January 2023, 72 years 755,423
- Population on 1 January 2024, 72 years 725,620
- Population on 1 January 2023, 73 years 740,407
- Population on 1 January 2024, 73 years 743,170
- Population on 1 January 2023, 74 years 724,966
- Population on 1 January 2024, 74 years 731,087
- Population on 1 January 2023, 75 years 702,086
- Population on 1 January 2024, 75 years 712,777
- Population on 1 January 2023, 76 years 653,579
- Population on 1 January 2024, 76 years 688,202
- Population on 1 January 2023, 77 years 483,621
- Population on 1 January 2024, 77 years 639,044
- Population on 1 January 2023, 78 years 463,072
- Population on 1 January 2024, 78 years 474,701
- Population on 1 January 2023, 79 years 443,442
- Population on 1 January 2024, 79 years 453,221
- Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years 402,370
- Population on 1 January 2024, 80 years 431,640
- Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years 348,046
- Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years 389,750
- Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years 351,223
- Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years 337,317
- Population on 1 January 2023, 83 years 355,316
- Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years 337,301
- Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years 334,528
- Population on 1 January 2024, 84 years 338,904
- Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years 312,268
- Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years 315,950
- Population on 1 January 2023, 86 years 294,601
- Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years 293,467
- Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years 267,310
- Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years 277,246
- Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years 248,255
- Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years 248,051
- Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years 216,078
- Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years 229,054
- Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years 197,489
- Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years 196,799
- Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years 168,227
- Population on 1 January 2024, 91 years 177,323
- Population on 1 January 2023, 92 years 139,940
- Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years 148,566
- Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years 108,708
- Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years 120,839
- Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years 87,754
- Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years 91,884
- Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years 66,223
- Population on 1 January 2024, 95 years 72,440
- Population on 1 January 2023, 96 years 51,268
- Population on 1 January 2024, 96 years 53,392
- Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years 37,218
- Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years 40,085
- Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years 25,770
- Population on 1 January 2024, 98 years 28,314
- Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years 18,553
- Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years 19,114
- Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over 29,956
- Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over 33,215
- Result
- 68,473,257
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 3 years
720,314Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y3time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 720,314 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 4 years
731,234Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y4time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 731,234 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 12 years
869,831Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y12time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 869,831 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 17 years
861,729Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y17time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 861,729 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 23 years
771,101Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y23time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 771,101 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 26 years
768,044Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y26time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 768,044 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 34 years
848,728Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y34time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 848,728 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 35 years
858,037Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y35time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 858,037 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 44 years
850,755Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y44time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 850,755 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years
828,762Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y45time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 828,762 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 53 years
906,451Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y53time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 906,451 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 56 years
894,712Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y56time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 894,712 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 62 years
849,425Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y62time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 849,425 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 67 years
781,549Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y67time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 781,549 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 70 years
759,498Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y70time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 759,498 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 71 years
750,658Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y71time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 750,658 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 78 years
463,072Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y78time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 463,072 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 79 years
453,221Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y79time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 453,221 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights
270,588Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 04, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 270,588
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights
504,672Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 13, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 504,672
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights
111,648Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 22, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 111,648
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights
9,852Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 02, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 9,852
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
237,516Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 237,516
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
358,728Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 358,728
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
85,044Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 85,044
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights
461,232Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 16, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 461,232
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights
36,492Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 04, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 36,492
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights
272,316Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 13, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 272,316
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights
568,668Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 22, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 568,668
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights
131,328Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 07, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 131,328
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights
100,200Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 10, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 100,200
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights
86,964Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 18, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 86,964
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023
€1,480Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 18 to 29, 2023 ÷ 100- From
- Result
- €1,480
Why believe this?
Mean disposable income of households, ages 30 to 39, 2023
€46,230Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column AF
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- €46,230
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
6.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 6.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023
2.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column F
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 2.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CNAF, family benefits paid in 2023
€27,742,528,625Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: family benefits.
Source
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €27,742,528,625
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Education
€11.6mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Spending per pupil or student, upper secondary
€13,074Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
educ_uoe_fini04(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=EURsector=TOT_SECisced11=ED3_4time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €13,074
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Spending per pupil or student, tertiary
€15,856Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
educ_uoe_fini04(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=EURsector=TOT_SECisced11=ED5-8time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €15,856
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Social care and housing aid
€107.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€52.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €52.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports
€446.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Share of consumption by visitors
4.4%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
- Caveat
- Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.
Why believe this?
Taxes on production
€128.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59
29,319.6Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Result
- 29,320
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024
€464,800Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €464,800
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Professional wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %
13.5%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column E
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 13.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %
28%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 28.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of French companies' equity held outside France
20%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world, as a share of the shares issued by non-financial and financial corporations, at the end of the year (financial accounts).
- Competing figures
- 49.5%, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5. The Banque de France's survey covers the listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies, at market value, where non-residents hold half; the financial accounts cover every French company, listed or not, most of them held at home. The two bound the share of corporate tax that falls on owners outside France.
- Caveat
- Shares that French companies hold in one another count in the denominator, so a chain of holdings inside France dilutes the share held abroad; the listed-only figure of the Banque de France is the upper end of the range.
Calculation
- Computed as
Shares held by the rest of the world ÷ (Shares issued by non-financial corporations + Shares issued by financial corporations) × 100- From
- Result
- 20.0%
Why believe this?
CSG
€149.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Income tax
€103.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023
16.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column D
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 16.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023
14.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column G
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 14.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other contributions
€182.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Everyone, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee
€38bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €38.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, net paid a month per person
€1,290Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- What the group pays less what it receives, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
− 40–49, net received a month per person- From
- 40–49, net received a month per person €−1,290
- Result
- €1,290
Why believe this?
40–49, Pensions
€297mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, paid a month per person
€2,560Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
40–49, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ 40–49, people, 2023 ÷ 12- From
- 40–49, levies paid €262.7bn
- 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
- Result
- €2,560
Why believe this?
40–49, Taxes on products
€42.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
40–49, CSG
€30.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Income tax
€21.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95
1.9Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean extended primary income above P95 of Insee's ranking over the income at P95: the steepness of the top of the curve.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- Result
- 2
Why believe this?
V3, Extended primary income, Insee
€25.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column E (V3)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €25.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V12, Extended primary income, Insee
€85.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column N (V12)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €85.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €14.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2175), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0732), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V16: -1.7; row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, CSG, Insee
€15.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1; row 23, V15: -8.9
- As published
- €16.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0649), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
CSG on income from investments, 2023
€9.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €9,444.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9; row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €10.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed
€29bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
- As published
- €29.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Income tax
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2; row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95
€5.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1125), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0832), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2; row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2; row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4; row 25, V7: -0.5
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€681mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0774), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €33.3bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €27.6bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.5bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.1bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €3.6bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €2.9bn
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €1.7bn
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9; row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95
€12.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2249), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €12.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0713), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V16: -9.8; row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V16: -2.5; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €24.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95
€11.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €11.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€9.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €9.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Net financial income
€8.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9; row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1; row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7; row 8, V7: 1.9
- As published
- €8.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€20.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €20.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions
€35.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
- As published
- €35.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions
€23.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €23.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions
€25.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V18: -14.3; row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V18: -3.2; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €25.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products
€19.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1
- As published
- €19.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products
€41.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €41.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on production
€35.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8
- As published
- €11.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €700m
- Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m
- Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €800m
- Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €800m
- Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn
- Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.6bn
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax
€600mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3
- As published
- €0.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG
€45.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, CSG
€9.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9
- As published
- €9.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Net financial income
€10.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €10.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6
- As published
- €18.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Income tax
€66.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Income tax
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pension contributions
€28.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6
- As published
- €28.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other contributions
€60.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions
€5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6
- As published
- €5.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, received a month per person
€2,150Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, transfers received €175.6bn
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €2,150
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V11: 1.6; row 21, V12: 1.7
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10%, Pensions- From
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pensions
€47.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €47.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits
€5.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3
- As published
- €5.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits
€16.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9
- As published
- €16.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Health care
€17.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4
- As published
- €17.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Health care
€18.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V17: 9.1; row 40, V18: 9.4
- As published
- €18.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Education
€18.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9
- As published
- €18.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Education
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
- As published
- €10.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Social care and housing aid
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid
€6.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
- As published
- €6.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V19: 2.6; row 43, V20: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V9: 2.6; row 43, V10: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Collective services
€23bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
- As published
- €23.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, paid a month per person
€380Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, levies paid €30.9bn
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €380
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products
€18.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, people
6.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production
€693mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.