How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
Transfers of a general character between different levels of government
€0.1mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0108time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €0.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Foreign military aid
€2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0203time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €2,006.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Fire-protection services
€7.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0302time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €7,937.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Transport
€60.7bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0405time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €60,688.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Protection of biodiversity and landscape
€1.7bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0504time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,678.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Health n.e.c.
€1.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0706time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,647.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Recreational and sporting services
€15.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0801time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €15,568.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Education n.e.c.
€575mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0908time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €574.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing
€21.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1006time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €21,146.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Réduction d'impôt pour frais de scolarité dans l'enseignement secondaire
€221mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110215
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €221.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt au titre de l'emploi d'un salarié à domicile
€6.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110246
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €6,420.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération de l’impôt sur le revenu, sous certaines conditions et limites, des rémunérations versées à raison des heures supplémentaires et complémentaires réalisées à compter du 1er janvier 2019
€2.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120146
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €2,144.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des intérêts des livrets de développement durable
€384mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 140104
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €384.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des dividendes capitalisés sur un plan d'épargne en actions
€428mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 140117
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €428.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production exécutive d'œuvres cinématographiques et audiovisuelles étrangères
€212mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 320140
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €212.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Niveau des taux en Guadeloupe, en Martinique et à La Réunion (8,5 % pour le taux normal et 2,1 % pour le taux réduit)
€1.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 710103
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,180.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024
€1,738bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,738,485.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Inherited and given each year
€300bnEstimated2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth passed on each year by inheritance and gifts, estimated from the national-accounts stock, mortality, and the wealth of the dead relative to the living.
- Caveat
- France Stratégie (2017) estimated €250bn in 2015, 19% of household disposable income, against 8.5% in 1980.
Source
- Source
- Conseil d'analyse économique, Repenser l'héritage, note n° 69 (Dherbécourt, Fack, Landais, Stantcheva)
- Where
- p. 5
- Published
- December 2021
- It says
Le flux total des transmissions patrimoniales annuel représente désormais plus de 15 % du PIB, soit 300 milliards d'euros.
- As published
- €300.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Net wealth at P99.999, WID, 2025 euros
€798,715,008Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Net personal wealth of the adult at this rank, adults ranked by net wealth, a couple's wealth split equally.
- Caveat
- WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.
Source
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
- Where
- variable thwealj992, percentile p99.999p100, year 2024
- Published
- 9 September 2026
- It says
FR;thwealj992;p99.999p100;2024;798715008
- As published
- €798,715,008
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
80 and over, transfers received
€186.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
80 and over, Subsidies on products + 80 and over, Subsidies on production + 80 and over, Pensions + 80 and over, Unemployment benefits + 80 and over, Other cash benefits + 80 and over, Health care + 80 and over, Education + 80 and over, Social care and housing aid + 80 and over, Culture and leisure + 80 and over, Collective services- From
- 80 and over, Subsidies on products €2.7bn
- 80 and over, Subsidies on production €131m
- 80 and over, Pensions €90.1bn
- 80 and over, Unemployment benefits €0m
- 80 and over, Other cash benefits €4.1bn
- 80 and over, Health care €50.9bn
- 80 and over, Education €11.6m
- 80 and over, Social care and housing aid €16.3bn
- 80 and over, Culture and leisure €2.5bn
- 80 and over, Collective services €20bn
- Result
- €186.8 billion
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home
€430bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Result
- €430,024.7 million
Why believe this?
Environmental protection
€28.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Waste, water and pollution management.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF05time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €28,935.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)
€23.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D76PAYtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €23,876.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Capital transfers to the rest of the world
€373mObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D9PAY_S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €373.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years
402,370Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y80time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 402,370 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years
389,750Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y81time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 389,750 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years
248,255Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y88time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 248,255 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years
229,054Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y89time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 229,054 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years
108,708Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y93time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 108,708 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 96 years
53,392Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y96time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 53,392 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 2 years
695,805Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 695,805 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 5 years
740,149Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y5time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 740,149 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 13 years
858,304Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y13time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 858,304 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 16 years
859,104Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y16time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 859,104 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 22 years
813,762Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y22time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 813,762 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 27 years
776,109Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y27time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 776,109 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 34 years
847,774Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y34time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 847,774 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 35 years
847,592Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y35time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 847,592 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 44 years
828,897Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y44time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 828,897 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years
832,575Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y45time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 832,575 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 52 years
922,352Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y52time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 922,352 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 57 years
894,880Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y57time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 894,880 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 63 years
841,499Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y63time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 841,499 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 66 years
792,884Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y66time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 792,884 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 70 years
744,790Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y70time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 744,790 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 71 years
735,263Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y71time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 735,263 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 78 years
474,701Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y78time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 474,701 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 79 years
443,442Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y79time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 443,442 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
470,028Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 470,028
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights
443,832Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 12, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 443,832
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights
53,376Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 23, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 53,376
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights
34,644Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 03, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 34,644
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights
228,636Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 10, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 228,636
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights
417,012Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 18, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 417,012
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights
42,444Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 04, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 42,444
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights
444,348Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 17, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 444,348
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
73,092Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 73,092
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights
204,696Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 12, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 204,696
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights
724,188Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 23, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 724,188
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights
78,408Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 06, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 78,408
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
87,528Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 87,528
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
74,436Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 74,436
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023
€52,530Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column AF
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- €52,530
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Mean disposable income of households, ages 75 to 100, 2023
€35,940Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 10 “75 ans et plus”, column AF
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- €35,940
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %
23.6%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of households whose reference person is of this age.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column G
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 23.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022
16,062Estimated2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirees with a direct (own-right) pension from at least one French scheme, resident in France, thousands.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
- Where
- Tableau 1.2-d, column B, rows 5 to 47
- Published
- 30 October 2024
- As published
- 16,062
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022
3,826.9Estimated2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Recipients of a survivor's pension, alone or with a direct pension, resident in France, thousands.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
- Where
- Sheet “1.4-a”, row 23 “2022”, column F
- Published
- 30 October 2024
- As published
- 3,827
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Unemployment benefits
€0mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Health care
€249.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Departments' help to the disabled in care homes, 2023, € thousands
6.5 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données nationales”, row 52 “Aide à l’accueil, dont :”, column AB
- Published
- 17 April 2026
- As published
- 6,452,497
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Departments' child welfare, 2023, € thousands
11.0 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.
Source
- Source
- DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données nationales”, row 36 “Dépenses brutes, dont :”, column AB
- Published
- 17 April 2026
- As published
- 10,962,951
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Taxes on products
€19.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Taxes on products
€318.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
80 and over, Corporate tax
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Corporate tax
€78bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €78.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Shares held by the rest of the world
€2,471bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S2finpos=ASSna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €2,470,873.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
80 and over, CSG on earnings and benefits
€6.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income, 2023
€16.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €16,611.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100
99,190.8Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income
€16.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €16.611bn in 2023; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€149.8bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.26%), which gives €16.9bn.
Why believe this?
Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023
15.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column C
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 15.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Activity, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023
99.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column B
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 99.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
11.3%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 11.3%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023
18.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column F
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 18.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions
€542.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Why believe this?
Other contributions
€214bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, Ensemble: -142.8; row 27, Ensemble: -33.2; row 28, Ensemble: -38
- As published
- €214.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Everyone, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee
€33.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €33.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, Subsidies on products
€6.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Social care and housing aid
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Collective services
€41.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Corporate tax
€10.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
40–49, Other taxes on income and wealth
€5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
V2, Extended primary income, Insee
€16.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column D (V2)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €16.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V13, Extended primary income, Insee
€98.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column O (V13)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €98.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5; row 18, V15: -18.1
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0730), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€10.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4755), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0800), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€36.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€44.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.7796), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €44.7 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0725), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €2.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V18: 9.6; row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €26.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
- As published
- €18.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €15.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0763), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€738mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0839), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions
€27.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4820), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €27.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0790), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0378), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee
€32.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €32.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on products €73.4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products €43.8bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €39.5bn
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €34.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €31.4bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €27.8bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €23.2bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €13.9bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.8bn
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €14.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V16: -1.7; row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
€9.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1; row 23, V15: -8.9
- As published
- €16.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income
€19.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed
€19.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
- As published
- €19.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Income tax
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2; row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.1bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.7bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2; row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2; row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4; row 25, V7: -0.5
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9; row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V16: -9.8; row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V16: -2.5; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €24.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
€7.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €7.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, levies paid
€402.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, CSG on capital income + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €50.9bn
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.5bn
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €52.1bn
- Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.3bn
- Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn
- Top 10%, Income tax €66.5bn
- Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12bn
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €79.3bn
- Top 10%, Other contributions €60.6bn
- Result
- €402.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on products
€53.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32bn
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products
€37.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
- As published
- €37.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on production
€13.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7
- As published
- €13.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€64.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V19: -6.7; row 22, V20: -57.4
- As published
- €64.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax
€800mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5
- As published
- €0.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG
€11.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
- As published
- €11.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG on capital income
€7.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €9.8bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €8.6bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Net financial income
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Net financial income
€17bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
- As published
- €17.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4
- As published
- €16.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Income tax
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6
- As published
- €4.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€12bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
- Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m
- Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m
- Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn
- Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.5bn
- Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn
- Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn
- Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn
- Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
- As published
- €2.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions
€35.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1
- As published
- €35.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other contributions
€71.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 29, V20: -32.3; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 27, V20: -5.1; row 28, V19: -4.1; row 28, V20: -7.7
- As published
- €71.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions
€7.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9
- As published
- €7.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€3.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
- As published
- €3.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2
- As published
- €3.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pensions
€10.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2
- As published
- €10.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pensions
€52.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
- As published
- €52.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€3.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
- As published
- €3.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€21.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8
- As published
- €21.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Health care
€19bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Why believe this?
All groups, Health care
€209.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10–20%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 30–40%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Top 40–50%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 20–30%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10%, Health care- From
- Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Health care €28.2bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Health care €24bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Health care €27.4bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Health care €19.5bn
- Top 40–50%, Health care €21.2bn
- Top 30–40%, Health care €21.6bn
- Top 20–30%, Health care €15.6bn
- Top 10–20%, Health care €18.5bn
- Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn
- Result
- €209.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Health care
€15.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
- As published
- €15.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Education
€10.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
- As published
- €10.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€6.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V17: 2.1; row 42, V18: 2; row 44, V17: 0.1; row 44, V18: 0.1; row 45, V17: 0.9; row 45, V18: 1
- As published
- €6.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Collective services
€26.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9
- As published
- €26.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Collective services
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€988mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, transfers received
€140.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €693m
- Bottom 10%, Pensions €9.9bn
- Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn
- Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €19.4bn
- Bottom 10%, Health care €20.9bn
- Bottom 10%, Education €20.7bn
- Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €19.2bn
- Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn
- Bottom 10%, Collective services €36.8bn
- Result
- €140.9 billion