How France works

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

8 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Why believe this?

France: Public spending, % of GDP

57%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Public spending of general government in France, 2024, as a share of GDP.
Caveat
COFOG total in the later release: 57.3% (a different GDP vintage)

Source

Source
Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_main, S13, PC_GDP, updated 2026-07-21
Where
TE, FR, 2024
Published
2026
It says
TE: 1672708.2 million EUR, 57% of GDP
As published
57.0% of GDP
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Additionality: communes entering ZRR in 2017, private-sector jobs, 2025

−7.4%Estimated2025

Definition

What it counts
Change in private-sector jobs in the treated communes minus their matched controls, in % (log points × 100).
Caveat
95% confidence interval -14.5 to -0.4 (standard errors clustered by département): distinguishable from zero at 95%. Range across matching draws -22.1 to 9.2, which measures how much the estimate depends on the draw, not sampling uncertainty.

Source

Source
This site, Matched evaluation of the ZRR (analysis/zrr.ml)
Where
design=additionality, outcome=jobs, year=2025
Published
2026
As published
−7.4%
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

R&D General public services

€6.1mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0105 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€6.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Economic affairs

€21.4bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0408 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€21,428.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Waste management

€15.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0501 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€15,862.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Community development

€27.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0602 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€27,229.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Hospital services

€109.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0703 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€109,338.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Religious and other community services

€744mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0804 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€744.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Education not definable by level

€8.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0905 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€8,622.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Survivors

€40.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1003 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€40,608.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables invalides

€523mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110104
Published
October 2025
As published
€523.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réductions d'impôt sur le revenu en faveur de l'investissement locatif intermédiaire (dispositifs Duflot et Pinel)

€1.5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110261
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,469.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des indemnités journalières de sécurité sociale servies au titre des maladies "longues et coûteuses"

€597mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120204
Published
October 2025
As published
€597.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des intérêts et primes versés dans le cadre de l'épargne logement

€426mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 140101
Published
October 2025
As published
€426.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des revenus provenant de l'épargne salariale (participation, plan d'épargne salariale et compartiment épargne salariale des plans d'épargne retraite)

€652mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 140109
Published
October 2025
As published
€652.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt en faveur de la recherche

€7.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 200302
Published
October 2025
As published
€7,800.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 10 % dans le secteur du logement locatif social pour les opérations qui ne sont pas éligibles au taux réduit de 5,5 %

€560mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730210
Published
October 2025
As published
€560.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux particuliers applicables à divers produits et services consommés ou utilisés en Corse

€219mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730306
Published
October 2025
As published
€219.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit des gazoles non routiers autres que celui utilisé pour les usages agricoles

€713mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 800201
Published
October 2025
As published
€713.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit pour l’électricité consommée par les entreprises électro-intensives pour les besoins des activités industrielles

€428mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Source

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 820203
Published
October 2025
As published
€428.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Support to companies, HCSP perimeter 1

€82bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Direct and targeted aid: targeted budget spending, classified tax expenditures excluding VAT, targeted contribution exemptions, loans and guarantees at their subsidy equivalent, and direct aid by local authorities.
Caveat
Built on 2023 executed budget data, not updated since the 2025 note.

Source

Source
Haut-Commissariat à la Stratégie et au Plan, Les aides aux entreprises : définition, périmètres, cadre de suivi et d'évaluation
Where
Part 2, §3.1-3.2, pp. 27-29
Published
17 July 2026
It says
Ce premier périmètre, estimé à 82 milliards selon notre lecture des données du budget exécuté en 2023, comprend des dépenses budgétaires directes ciblées sur les entreprises, des dépenses fiscales classées, des exonérations ciblées de cotisations sociales, les « prêts, garanties et participations » en équivalent-subvention et les aides directes des collectivités territoriales
As published
€82.0 billion
Read
2026-10-02

Why believe this?

Wealth held by the poorest half of adults

4.8%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of net personal wealth held by the poorest 50% of adults, ranked by net wealth, 2024.

Calculation

Computed as
100 − Share of net wealth above P50, WID
From
  • Share of net wealth above P50, WID 95.2%
Result
4.8%

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€31.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€31.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 84 years

338,904Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y84 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
338,904 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years

312,268Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y85 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
312,268 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years

120,839Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y93 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
120,839 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 96 years

51,268Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y96 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
51,268 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 0 years

629,245Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y_LT1 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
629,245 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 7 years

794,483Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y7 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
794,483 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 8 years

800,309Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y8 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
800,309 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 13 years

871,784Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y13 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
871,784 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 16 years

870,883Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y16 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
870,883 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 22 years

797,408Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y22 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
797,408 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 27 years

763,976Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y27 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
763,976 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 30 years

797,192Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y30 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
797,192 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 31 years

809,852Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y31 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
809,852 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 38 years

845,024Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y38 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
845,024 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 39 years

853,522Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y39 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
853,522 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 40 years

842,081Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y40 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
842,081 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years

885,362Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y41 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
885,362 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years

830,531Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y48 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
830,531 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years

909,491Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y49 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
909,491 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 52 years

902,734Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y52 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
902,734 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 57 years

894,961Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y57 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
894,961 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 63 years

835,418Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y63 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
835,418 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 66 years

798,459Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y66 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
798,459 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 74 years

724,966Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y74 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
724,966 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 75 years

712,777Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y75 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
712,777 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€53bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
From
  • Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
  • Subsidies on production €38.1bn
  • Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn
Result
€53.0 billion

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Subsidies on production by age profile

0.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

2.1 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 0 to 100, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
2,054,928
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights

11,292Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 00, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
11,292
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights

543,168Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 08, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
543,168
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights

333,288Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 17, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
333,288
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights

110,424Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 06, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
110,424
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

507,036Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
507,036
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights

652,260Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 20, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
652,260
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion

€192.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
From
  • Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 3,468
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 3,888
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 6,600
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 24,984
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 42,444
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 85,044
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 82,704
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 165,384
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 160,224
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 180,804
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 191,220
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 190,632
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 210,072
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 284,844
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 359,016
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 434,664
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 461,232
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 444,348
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 400,224
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 361,512
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 751,260
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 496,452
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 531,120
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 641,160
Result
€192.7 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

3,888Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
3,888
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

180,804Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
180,804
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights

210,072Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 12, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
210,072
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

641,160Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
641,160
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights

3,204Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 00, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
3,204
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights

151,224Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 08, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
151,224
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights

446,964Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 17, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
446,964
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights

25,980Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 03, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
25,980
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights

98,304Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 14, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
98,304
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

105,120Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Source

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
105,120
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023

4.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column B
Published
17 February 2026
As published
4.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023

€3,102Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023 ÷ 100
From
  • Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 6.2%
  • Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €50,040
Result
€3,102

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023

€1,013Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 65 to 74, 2023 ÷ 100
From
  • Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023 2.6%
  • Mean disposable income of households, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €38,980
Result
€1,013

Why believe this?

Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %

16.6%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of households whose reference person is of this age.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
16.6%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Pensions

€90.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × 80 and over, share of Pensions by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Pensions €370bn
  • 80 and over, share of Pensions by age profile 24.4%
Result
€90.1 billion

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefits

€46.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€46.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CNAF, minimum incomes (RSA, prime d'activité) paid in 2023

€21,909,237,498Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: minimum incomes (RSA, prime d'activité).

Source

Source
CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
Where
All ages, all months of the year
Published
9 October 2026
As published
€21,909,237,498
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Health care

€209.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€209.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Health care by age profile

20.4%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
DREES publishes ten-year bands; within them the amount per person is interpolated linearly between the bands' midpoints, keeping each band's mean. Hospitals' funding outside reimbursements is spread the same way.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = health of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Reimbursements by public health insurance per person. Sources: DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge (2023).
From
Result
20.4%

Why believe this?

Education

€128.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€128.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Spending per pupil or student, pre-primary

€8,493Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset educ_uoe_fini04 (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=EUR sector=TOT_SEC isced11=ED02 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€8,493
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Spending per pupil or student, lower secondary

€9,968Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset educ_uoe_fini04 (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=EUR sector=TOT_SEC isced11=ED2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€9,968
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Everyone, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee

€80.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€80.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.) by age profile

19.8%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Each part of departmental social spending (DREES) goes to its beneficiaries' ages: help to the elderly at home and in care homes as APA recipients, help to the disabled as PCH recipients and residents of care homes, child welfare as children placed (end of 2024 for both years); CNAF's early-childhood spending goes to ages 0 to 2. Early-childhood spending also funds places up to 6; state childcare and other social action follow the same weights.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = social_care of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Help to the elderly, the disabled and children by beneficiaries' age, weighted by spending. Sources: DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024 (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024); DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes âgées (December 2023 and December 2024); DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes handicapées (end of 2023 and end of 2024); DREES, Les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale à l'enfance en 2024 (end of 2024); CNAF, Dépenses d'action sociale [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
  • Departments' help at home to the elderly, 2023, € thousands 4.4 million
  • Departments' help to the elderly in care homes, 2023, € thousands 3.9 million
  • Departments' help at home to the disabled, 2023, € thousands 3.4 million
  • Departments' help to the disabled in care homes, 2023, € thousands 6.5 million
  • Departments' child welfare, 2023, € thousands 11.0 million
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
19.8%

Why believe this?

Departments' help at home to the disabled, 2023, € thousands

3.4 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Source

Source
DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where
Sheet “Données nationales”, row 48 “Aide à domicile, dont :”, column AB
Published
17 April 2026
As published
3,434,510
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Everyone, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee

€16.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€16.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Recreation, culture and religion

€41.4bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF08 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€41,417.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, paid a month per person

€840Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ 80 and over, people, 2023 ÷ 12
From
Result
€840

Why believe this?

80 and over, Taxes on products

€18.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
  • 80 and over, Taxes on products €19.4bn
  • Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%
Result
€18.5 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€318.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€318.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Purchases of non-residents on the territory

€65.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Consumption by non-resident households on the economic territory (ESA P34), current prices.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P34 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€65,858.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Household consumption on the territory

€1,497bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P31_S14_DC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€1,496,572.9 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Taxes on production by age profile

0.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

Taxes on income and wealth

€357.2bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, CSG and CRDS, corporate income tax, and the property wealth tax (IFI).

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D5REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€357,244.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€24.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29

3,236.8Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024 €104,400
  • Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 20.6%
  • Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 13.1%
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
Result
3,237

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024

€104,400Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column B
Published
26 February 2026
As published
€104,400
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %

13.1%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
13.1%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %

16%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Source

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
16.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Shares issued by non-financial corporations

€11,069bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S11 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€11,069,025.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, CSG

€8.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × 80 and over, share of CSG by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€8.5 billion

Why believe this?

Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49

61,021.6Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024 × Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
  • Mean gross wealth, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024 €367,600
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
Result
61,022

Why believe this?

80 and over, Income tax

€5.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × 80 and over, share of Income tax by age profile ÷ 100
From
  • Income tax €103.3bn
  • 80 and over, share of Income tax by age profile 4.9%
Result
€5.1 billion

Why believe this?

Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023

1.7%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column D
Published
17 February 2026
As published
1.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

88.8%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column G
Published
17 February 2026
As published
88.8%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pension contributions

€280.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Social contributions × Pension contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions
From
Result
€280.4 billion

Why believe this?

Social contributions

€462.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.

Source

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D61REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€462,828.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Other contributions by age profile

0.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over Insee's rows of (the row's 2023 amount × its share by age) ÷ Σ of the rows' amounts
From
  • Everyone, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €142.8bn
  • 80 and over, share of Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1 by age profile 0.2%
  • Everyone, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €33.2bn
  • 80 and over, share of Cotisations sociales chômage1 by age profile 0.2%
  • Everyone, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €38bn
  • 80 and over, share of Cotisations sociales famille1 by age profile 0.2%
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, people, 2023

8.6 millionObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2
From
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years 880,645
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 40 years 842,081
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years 885,362
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years 887,853
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years 898,493
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years 887,177
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 43 years 845,237
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years 905,206
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 44 years 828,897
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 44 years 850,755
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years 828,762
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years 832,575
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years 804,801
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years 833,918
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 47 years 828,913
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years 808,524
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years 869,878
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years 830,531
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years 909,491
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 49 years 871,476
Result
8,565,288

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Exclusion sociale by age profile

23.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Minimum incomes paid by CNAF, at the age of the claimant; the old-age minimum (ASPA), paid by pension funds, is not in this table, so the 65 and over are underweighted.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = minimum of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: RSA and prime d'activité by age of the claimant. Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
23.3%

Why believe this?

40–49, Education

€833mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × 40–49, share of Education by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Culture and leisure by age profile

12.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Spread equally over residents: the National Transfer Accounts convention for public goods that no one consumes by age.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = per_capita of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: The same amount per person at every age. Sources: Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex (the year of the view).
From
Result
12.5%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Pension contributions by age profile

25.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Cotisations sociales famille1 by age profile

25.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn
  • Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013
  • Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827
  • Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%
  • Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%
  • Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%
  • Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%
  • Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%
  • Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%
  • 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
  • Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, paid a month per person

€166,280Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€166,280

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
  • Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn
  • Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%
Result
€1.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0342), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.1 billion

Why believe this?

V7, Extended primary income, Insee

€54.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column I (V7)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€54.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V16, Extended primary income, Insee

€130.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column R (V16)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€130.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Taxes on products

€31.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
As published
€31.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on production

€127.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
From
  • Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn
  • Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn
  • Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn
  • Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn
  • Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn
  • Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn
  • Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €12.4bn
  • Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €10.6bn
  • Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.8bn
  • Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.6bn
  • Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.4bn
  • Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.2bn
  • Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €769m
Result
€127.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Taxes on production

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V16: -8.6; row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
As published
€13.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€45.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€45.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4; row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
As published
€1.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0253), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.5 billion

Why believe this?

V20, CSG, Insee

€29.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€29.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, CSG

€147.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG
From
Result
€147.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG

€14.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95
From
Result
€14.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V19: -15.4
As published
€8.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Net financial income

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V16: 5.6; row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
As published
€10.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed

€17.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
As published
€17.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Income tax

€101.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax
From
Result
€101.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Income tax

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V16: -4.8; row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
As published
€9.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1858), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Pension contributions

€35.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
As published
€35.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee

€5.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€5.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other contributions

€214bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions
From
  • Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn
  • Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn
  • Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn
  • Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn
  • Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn
  • Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn
  • Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn
  • Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €24.5bn
  • Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €21.2bn
  • Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.6bn
  • Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.4bn
  • Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3bn
  • Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €2.6bn
  • Top 0.04%, Other contributions €1.7bn
Result
€214.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
As published
€20.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95

€9.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2126), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€9.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0745), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
  • V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn
  • V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn
  • V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn
  • V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn
  • V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
€3.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, people

27,208Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000
From
  • Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4
  • Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100
Result
27,208

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on products

€34.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5; row 18, V15: -18.1
As published
€34.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on production

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production

€13.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
As published
€13.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Corporate tax

€78.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€78.1 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€23.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€23.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, CSG

€14.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
As published
€14.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Net financial income

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
As published
€8.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€16.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
As published
€16.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Income tax

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Income tax

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
As published
€13.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
As published
€1.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€4.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions

€35.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
As published
€35.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions

€21.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
As published
€21.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions

€18.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€18.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
  • Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn
  • Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
  • Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on products

€53.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V19: -19.9; row 18, V20: -33.3
As published
€53.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products

€28.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€28.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3
As published
€4.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8
As published
€1.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, CSG

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
As published
€18.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9
As published
€3.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8
As published
€10.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Income tax

€100mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1
As published
€0.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€11.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V19: -2.9; row 25, V20: -8.8
As published
€11.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
As published
€1.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€79.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 10%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€79.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6
As published
€9.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other contributions

€16.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6
As published
€16.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, people

6.8 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as
(V19, Individuals, millions, Insee + V20, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000
From
  • V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
  • V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
Result
6,800,000

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on products

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V19: 1.7; row 19, V20: 2.4
As published
€4.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products

€3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V9: 1.5; row 19, V10: 1.5
As published
€3.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€16.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 10%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€16.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6
As published
€1.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Pensions

€36.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V7: 18.6; row 31, V8: 17.7
As published
€36.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V19: 2.9; row 32, V20: 2.5
As published
€5.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits

€11.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1
As published
€11.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Health care

€15.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V19: 8; row 40, V20: 7.9
As published
€15.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Health care

€19.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
As published
€19.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Education

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V19: 5.1; row 41, V20: 5.3
As published
€10.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Education

€12.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
As published
€12.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid

€12.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1
As published
€12.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V1: 2.6; row 43, V2: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Collective services

€239.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Collective services + Bottom 10–20%, Collective services + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services + Top 40–50%, Collective services + Top 30–40%, Collective services + Top 20–30%, Collective services + Top 10–20%, Collective services + Top 10%, Collective services
From
  • Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn
  • Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn
  • Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €24.2bn
  • Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn
  • Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
  • Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn
  • Top 30–40%, Collective services €23.4bn
  • Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn
  • Top 10–20%, Collective services €23.2bn
  • Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn
Result
€239.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Collective services

€24bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8
As published
€24.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on production

€2.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × Bottom 10%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production
From
Result
€2.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Bottom 10%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Income tax

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Bottom 10%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other contributions

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × Bottom 10%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions
From
Result
€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

V1, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Source

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column C (V1)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
3
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid

€19.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€19.2 billion