How France works
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
General services
€53.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0103time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €53,780.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Police services
€28.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0301time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €28,896.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Communication
€1.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0406time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,621.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Street lighting
€1.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0604time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,819.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Health
€6.7bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0705time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €6,708.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Cultural services
€19bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0802time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €18,963.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
€1.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0903time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,156.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Unemployment
€48.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1005time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €48,520.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables vivant seuls ayant eu à titre exclusif ou principal, en vivant seuls, la charge d'enfants pendant au moins cinq ans
€674mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110102
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €674.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons
€2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110201
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,990.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération du salaire des apprentis et des gratifications versées aux stagiaires versées à compter du 12 juillet 2014
€424mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120109
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €424.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération sous plafond des indemnités reçues par les salariés en cas de rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail (ou dispositifs assimilés)
€284mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120138
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €284.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des prestations familiales et de l'allocation aux adultes handicapés
€1.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120202
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,503.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération d’impôt sur les bénéfices pour les entreprises créées ou reprises dans les ZRR
€411mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 220104
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €411.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonérations des produits retirés par les sociétés d'investissements immobiliers cotées, ainsi que par leurs filiales ou des filiales de sociétés de placement à prépondérance immobilière à capital variable ou des filiales conjointes de ces dernières sociétés, et provenant de la location d'immeubles, de la sous-location des immeubles pris en crédit bail ou dont la jouissance a été conférée à titre temporaire par l'Etat, une collectivité territoriale ou leurs établissements publics, de certains droits réels immobiliers et de certaines plus-values de cession
€648mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 300206
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €648.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 5,5 % dans le secteur de l’accession sociale à la propriété et dans le secteur du logement locatif social pour les logements financés par un prêt locatif aidé d’intégration (PLAI), pour les logements financés par un prêt locatif à usage social (PLUS) lorsqu’ils relèvent de la politique de renouvellement urbain, ainsi que pour certains travaux portant sur ces logements ou participant au renouvellement urbain
€505mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730216
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €505.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 5,5% pour les travaux d'amélioration de la qualité énergétique des locaux à usage d'habitation achevés depuis plus de deux ans ainsi que sur les travaux induits qui leur sont indissociablement liés
€935mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730223
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €935.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 10 % applicable aux droits d’admission aux expositions, sites et installations à caractère culturel, ludique, éducatif et professionnel ainsi qu’aux loteries foraines
€225mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730230
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €225.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction du champ de l'accise sur les produits énergétiques à usage carburants, dans les collectivités régies par l'article 73 de la Constitution, aux seuls essences et gazoles et faculté pour ces collectivités de minorer les tarifs
€1.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 800401
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,466.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Dépenses pour faciliter l'accessibilité pour personnes handicapées
€248mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 050202
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €248.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Pertes de récoltes ou de bétail
€284mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 060201
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €284.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération de la cotisation minimum de CFE des redevables réalisant un très faible chiffre d'affaires
€306mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 090112
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €306.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Overseas exemptions (LODEOM)
€1.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.
Source
- Source
- Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
- Where
- Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,517.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Tax expenditures in force
465Observed2025
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes not collected on purpose, listed as tax expenditures in the PLF 2026: 82 of them are being wound down.
Source
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- p. 14
- Published
- October 2025
- It says
le nombre des dépenses fiscales apparaissant dans le tome II des Voies et moyens annexé au PLF pour 2025 s'élève à 465, dont 82 sont en cours d'extinction
- As published
- 465
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023
€1,589bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,588,630.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2024
€3,306bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €3,306,096.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Average net wealth above P0, WID, 2025 euros
€276,795Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Average net personal wealth of the adults above this rank, adults ranked by net wealth, a couple's wealth split equally.
- Caveat
- WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.
Source
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
- Where
- variable ahwealj992, percentile p0p100, year 2024
- Published
- 9 September 2026
- It says
FR;ahwealj992;p0p100;2024;276795.4
- As published
- €276,795
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
80 and over, received a month per person
€3,780Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
80 and over, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ 80 and over, people, 2023 ÷ 12- From
- 80 and over, transfers received €186.8bn
- 80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
- Result
- €3,780
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies
€465.1bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- General public services without debt interest, defence, public order, economic affairs, environmental protection and housing and community amenities.
Calculation
- Computed as
General public services − Debt interest + Defence + Public order and safety + Economic affairs + Environmental protection + Housing and community amenities- From
- Result
- €465,106.7 million
Why believe this?
Debt interest
€51.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public debt transactions.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0107time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,706.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing and community amenities
€35.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Housing development, community development, water supply and street lighting.
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF06time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €35,601.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Consumption per consumption unit, 2017
€22,220Estimated2017
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean household consumption per consumption unit, euros, recalibrated on the national accounts.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”
- Where
- Figure 1
- Published
- 17 April 2019
- It says
Âge de la personne de référence, consommation par UC 2017: Moins de 35 ans 2; De 35 à 64 ans 3; 65 ans ou plus – 7 (écart à la moyenne en %); moyenne 22 220 euros
- As published
- €22,220
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years
337,317Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y82time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 337,317 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 83 years
355,316Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y83time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 355,316 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years
197,489Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y90time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 197,489 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 95 years
72,440Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y95time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 72,440 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years
25,770Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y98time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 25,770 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over
29,956Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y_OPENtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- 29,956 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 1 year
697,960Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y1time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 697,960 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 6 years
755,350Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y6time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 755,350 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 9 years
824,642Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y9time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 824,642 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 10 years
839,941Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y10time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 839,941 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 15 years
872,680Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y15time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 872,680 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 18 years
828,943Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y18time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 828,943 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 21 years
803,765Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y21time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 803,765 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 24 years
779,281Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y24time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 779,281 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 29 years
759,155Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y29time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 759,155 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 36 years
856,454Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y36time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 856,454 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 37 years
867,485Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y37time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 867,485 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years
833,918Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y46time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 833,918 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 47 years
828,913Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y47time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 828,913 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 51 years
930,389Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y51time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 930,389 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 54 years
878,238Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y54time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 878,238 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 59 years
903,347Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y59time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 903,347 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 60 years
888,456Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y60time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 888,456 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 65 years
804,594Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y65time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 804,594 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 68 years
773,783Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y68time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 773,783 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 72 years
755,423Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y72time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 755,423 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 73 years
743,170Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Source
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y73time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 743,170 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
80 and over, Subsidies on production
€131mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights
421,980Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 06, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 421,980
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
464,796Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 464,796
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
207,024Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 207,024
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights
332,220Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 20, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 332,220
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights
4,620Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 00, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 4,620
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights
213,084Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 08, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 213,084
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights
356,688Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 13, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 356,688
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights
165,384Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 07, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 165,384
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights
359,016Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 14, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 359,016
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights
72,840Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 06, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 72,840
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
190,320Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 190,320
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
342,240Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 342,240
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights
662,040Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 20, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 662,040
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion
€54.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023- From
- Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 8,772
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 8,892
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 11,748
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 25,980
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 42,948
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 84,780
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 78,408
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 131,328
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 114,108
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 103,176
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 100,200
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 87,528
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 81,888
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 93,564
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 98,304
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 105,468
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 106,020
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 100,944
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 86,964
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 74,436
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 143,736
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 105,120
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 139,020
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 234,816
- Result
- €54.8 billion
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
84,780Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 84,780
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights
81,888Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 12, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 81,888
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023
7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column C
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 7.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023
€50,040Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 8 “De 50 à 64 ans”, column AF
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- €50,040
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %
16.7%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of households whose reference person is of this age.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column F
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 16.7%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€147.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, Ensemble: 38; row 34, Ensemble: 33.6; row 35, Ensemble: 33.9; row 36, Ensemble: 22.9; row 37, Ensemble: 19.3
- As published
- €147.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Everyone, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee
€38bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €38.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Everyone, Exclusion sociale, Insee
€33.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 35 “Exclusion sociale”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €33.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CNAF, disability benefits (AAH, AEEH, AJPP, AJPA) paid in 2023
€13,453,324,952Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: disability benefits (AAH, AEEH, AJPP, AJPA).
Source
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €13,453,324,952
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Culture and leisure
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Collective services
€332.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Collective services ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Result
- €332.8 billion
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %
20.6%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 20.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39
9,295.1Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Result
- 9,295
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024
€265,000Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €265,000
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Professional wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %
7.7%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column E
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 7.7%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings, 2023
€104.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Source
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €104,706.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69
77,237.5Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Why believe this?
Activity, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023
4.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column G
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 4.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023
8%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column D
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 8.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Pension contributions
€692mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Everyone, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee
€142.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €142.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, net received a month per person
€−1,290Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- What the group receives less what it pays, a month per person.
Why believe this?
40–49, Health care
€20.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Taxes on production
€33.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
40–49, Other contributions
€47.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Why believe this?
Overall tax rate at the entry to the top 0.1%
46%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- All direct taxes, including the corporate tax of the companies they control, as a share of economic income, for the tax households at the threshold of the richest 0.1% (g-percentile P99.9). It is not the group's average: the rate falls above that threshold, to 26% for the 75 richest households.
- Caveat
- 2016 tax data, before the 2018 replacement of the wealth tax by a property tax and the flat tax on capital income.
Source
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 1
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
le taux d'imposition global devient régressif, passant de 46 % pour les 0,1 % les plus riches, à 26 % pour les 0,0002 % les plus riches (les « milliardaires »)
- As published
- 46.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
V1, Extended primary income, Insee
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column C (V1)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €10.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V9, Extended primary income, Insee
€68.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column K (V9)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €68.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V10, Extended primary income, Insee
€73.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column L (V10)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €73.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V18, Extended primary income, Insee
€170.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column T (V18)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €170.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4763), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €15.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0647), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€770mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
V19, Taxes on production, Insee
€13.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €13.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Taxes on production, Insee
€22.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €22.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€12.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0541), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0779), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Net financial income
€8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
- As published
- €8.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income
€19.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€21.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €21.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed
€15.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V18: 12.9; row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €15.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €8.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€10bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
V19, Income tax, Insee
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Income tax, Insee
€49.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €49.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Income tax
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6; row 24, V15: -3.8
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€14.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€5.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1127), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V18: -1.9; row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3317), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€823mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0935), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Pension contributions, Insee
€35.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €35.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Pension contributions, Insee
€57.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €57.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pension contributions
€36.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1; row 26, V15: -20.6
- As published
- €36.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€33.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0503), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, levies paid
€23.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.7bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €3.9bn
- Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €450m
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.2bn
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €752m
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.1bn
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.2bn
- Result
- €23.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.3bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €9.3bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.7bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €12.2bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.4bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.4bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.4bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.4bn
- Top 0.04%, CSG €2.4bn
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V10: -5.8; row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8; row 23, V13: -7.6
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
€450mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €654m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €578m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V18: 9.6; row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €26.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
- As published
- €18.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€12.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Income tax €2.9bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.3bn
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €17.3bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €20.6bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €4.1bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.1bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.1bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.1bn
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.1bn
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€752mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V16: -1.2; row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€36.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €36.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.4bn
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €18.8bn
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.8bn
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.8bn
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.8bn
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.8bn
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.8bn
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, paid a month per person
€4,930Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, levies paid €402.4bn
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €4,930
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3
- As published
- €8.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income
42.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 42.5%
Why believe this?
All groups, Net financial income
€133.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Net financial income + Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income + Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income + Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income + Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 30–40%, Net financial income + Top 20–30%, Net financial income + Top 10–20%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Net financial income- From
- Bottom 10%, Net financial income €1.9bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income €3bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income €4.3bn
- Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn
- Top 30–40%, Net financial income €7.5bn
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Net financial income €17bn
- Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn
- Result
- €133.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed
€13.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €13.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.9bn
- Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €9.8bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €14.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €20.2bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €24.9bn
- Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €28.4bn
- Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €35.6bn
- Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €43.5bn
- Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €54.7bn
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €93bn
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other contributions
€27.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €27.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5
- As published
- €3.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on production
€38.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €500m
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €1.7bn
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn
- Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €2.7bn
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.9bn
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn
- Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €6.1bn
- Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn
- Result
- €38.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions
€22.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2
- As published
- €22.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€14.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V19: 1.2; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €14.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits
€20.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4
- As published
- €20.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€12bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
- As published
- €12.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Health care
€24bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2
- As published
- €24.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€22.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €22.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Collective services
€33.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services
€24.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Source
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4
- As published
- €24.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.6%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 2.6%
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, received a month per person
€1,730Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, transfers received €140.9bn
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million
- Result
- €1,730
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Collective services
€36.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.